Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XV.djvu/816

 786 TOBOLSK TODD Sennacherib he lost his position and his prop- erty, because he had buried Jews who had been executed. Having returned to Nineveh after the death of Sennacherib, he became blind; but he was cured by the application to his eyes of the gall of a fish which his son To- bias had brought home from a journey under- taken in company with the angel Raphael. The Greek text of the Septuagint, which some writers believe to be the original, and the Latin translation of Jerome, which he claims to have made from a Chaldaic text, differ considerably. The author is supposed to have been a Jew of Palestine, who, according to Ewald, most prob- ably wrote in the far East about 350 B. C. Among the best commentaries are those of Fritzsche (Leipsic, 1853), Sengelmann (Ham- burg, 1859), and Reusch (Freiburg, 1857). TOBOLSK. I. A government of Russia, in western Siberia, extending from the Arctic ocean to the Central Asian provinces of Akrao- linsk and Semipolatinsk, separated on the west by the Ural mountains from European Russia, and bounded E. by Yeniseisk and Tomsk ; area, 531,964 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 1,086,848. It is traversed by the Obi and its principal tribu- taries, and contains extensive lakes. Timber abounds in the south. Its great mineral re- sources are not yet properly explored. The land on the banks of some of the rivers yields much grain. Fish and game, including fur- bearing animals, are especially plentiful. The transit trade with China is considerable. II. A city, capital of the government, on the right bank of the Irtish, at the confluence of the Tobol, nearly 1,200 m. E. N. E. of Moscow; pop. in 1867, 20,330. It contains a cathedral and many other churches, several mosques, an episcopal palace, an arsenal, a theatre, and a gymnasium. Inside the citadel is a workhouse for Siberian exiles of the lower classes. The manufactures are unimportant. TOCMTINS, a river of Brazil, formed by the Almas and Maranhao, which rise in the prov- ince of Goyaz and unite in lat. 14 S., Ion. 49 15' W. After a course of about 1,000 m., in a general northerly direction, it falls into the Rio Para, about 80 m. S. W. of the city of the same name. The Araguay, Parannan, Great Somno, Tucahunas, and Theresa are its afflu- ents. The tide ascends about 300 m., and at its mouth the Tocantins is 8 m. wide. TOCQUEVILLE, Alexis Charles Henri Clerel de, a French author, born in Paris, July 29, 1805, died in Cannes, April 16, 1859. He studied law, was appointed a judge in Versailles in 1826, was promoted in 1830, and in 1831 was sent with Gustave de Beaumont on a mission to the United States, to examine the peniten- tiary system. The report of their observa- tions was published under the title Du systeme penitentiaire aux lUtats- Unis (8vo, 1832 ; trans- lated into English by Francis Lieber, 8vo, Phil- adelphia, 1833). De Tocqueville investigated at the same time the political and social insti- tutions of the country, and wrote his cele- brated philosophical work De la democratic aux Jfitats- Unis (2 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1835), which received the Montyon prize, and procured his admission to the academy (1844). He was elected in 1839 to the chamber of deputies, and became the leader of a moderate wing of the opposition. As a member of the con- stituent assembly in 1848, he opposed social- istic doctrines and ultra-democratic measures. After attending the diplomatic conferences in Brussels upon Italian affairs, he became minister of foreign affairs, June 2, 1849. He strongly supported the French expedition to Rome, but, dissatisfied with Louis Napoleon in other respects, he resigned at the end of Oc- tober. On Dec. 2, 1851, he protested against the coup d'etat, and was imprisoned, but re- leased after a few days, when he retired to private life. In 1856 he published Vancien regime et la revolution (8vo ; translated by J. Bonner, 12mo, New York, 1856). His (Euvres et correspondance inedites have been published with a biographical notice by G. de Beaumont (2 vols. 8vo, 1860 ; English translation, 2 vols. 8vo, London and Boston, 1861). His complete works are in 9 vols. (Paris, 1860-'65). His "Democracy in America" was translated into English by Henry Reeve, with a preface and notes by John C. Spencer (8vo, New York, 1838; new ed., London, 1875; abridged ed., "American Institutions and their Influence," with notes, 16mo, New York, 1856) ; and Reeve's translation has been edited by Prof. F. Bowen (2 vols. 8vo, Cambridge, 1862). See " Correspondence and Conversations of Alexis de Tocqueville with Nassau William Senior," edited by M. C. M. Simpson (2 vols., London, 1872). TOD, James, an English soldier, born in 1782, died in London, Nov. 17, 1835. He went to India in 1800 as a cadet in the East India com- pany's service, and attained the rank of lieu- tenant colonel. After the Mahratta war, he was engaged to survey Rajpootana, of which a topographical map was finished in 1815. He was political agent of Mewar and other Raj- poot states from 1817 to 1823. He wrote " An- nals and Antiquities of Rajasthan" (2 vols. 4to, London, 1829-'32), and "Travels in West- ern India " (4to, 1839). TODD. I. A S. W. county of Kentucky, bor- dering on Tennessee, and drained by Pond river and several large creeks ; area, 350 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 12,612, of whom 4,860 were colored. The surface is generally hilly and the soil fer- tile. It is intersected by the Louisville and Nashville and Great Southern and the St. Louis and Southeastern railroads. The chief pro- ductions in 1870 were 178,837 bushels of wheat, 445,275 of Indian corn, 57,375 of oats, 13,490 of sweet potatoes, 2,620,193 Ibs. of tobacco, 18,925 of wool, 65,260 of butter, and 1,633 tons of hay. There were 2,363 horses, 1,789 mules and asses, 2,000 milch cows, 2,423 other cattle, 7,300 sheep, and 18,370 swine. Capital, Elkton. II. A central county of Minnesota,