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 TOBACCO tobacco lessens mental vigor, but it would very easy to produce abundant instances to prove tbat its action in this direction can be but slight. Its use, however, is specially to be avoided by persons who have not reached their full bodily development. Medical au- thorities are able to trace pretty clearly to its extreme use certain forms of pharyngitis, dys- pepsia, palpitation of the heart, and so-called nervousness. A form of blindness known as tobacco amaurosis is recognized by oculists ; this is sometimes, but not usually, attended by actual atrophy of the optic nerve, and is gen- erally very amenable to treatment. In Spain and Spanish American countries women smoke as well as men, while in England and North America the use of tobacco by women, except in the form of snuff, is very rare, and the use of snuff by women is becoming less frequent. The use of snuff for "dipping" appears to be peculiar to the southern states; it avoids the unpleasant effects of snuffing, and has been largely practised in secret as well as openly ; it is done with a small brush, which is first wetted, then dipped in snuff, and applied to the gums ; it is thought to brighten the eyes and improve the complexion of the young, but the older soon abandon it for the pipe. The general es- timate of the crop of leaf tobacco in 1875 is: Virginia, 65,000 hhds. ; Maryland, 35,000 ; Ohio, 15,000 ; Kentucky and Tennessee, 100,- 000; Illinois and Indiana, 30,000; Missouri, 30,000 ; total, 275,000 hhds. In January, 1876, the average values of leaf tobacco per hhd. were : Kentucky, $150 ; Virginia, $120 ; Mary- land, $60 ; Ohio, $60 ; at which rates the total value of the estimated crop of 1875 would be $29,400,000. The annual consumption in the United States is estimated at 60,000 to 75,000 hhds. Of seed-leaf tobacco the stock on hand on Jan. 1, 1875, was 180,000 cases; exported during the year, 35,000 ; consumption, 70,000 ; packed in hogsheads and for cutting purposes, 10,000 ; total, 115,000 ; leaving stock on hand Jan. 1, 1876, 65,000 cases, to which must be added the estimated crop of 1875, as folloAvs : TOBIT 785 COUNTRIES. Hhdi. Cases. Bles. Cerooni. Great Britain. . 16,108 751 88 Germany 8888 22816 28 060 12 764 Spain 11 718 France 8 909 50 Italy 12,625 STATES. Cases. Price. Value. Connecticut and Massachusetts.. New York 40,000 10,000 80,000 15,000 10,000 $70 80 60 30 83 $2,800,000 800,000 1,800,000 450,000 300,000 Pennsylvania. . ... Ohio Wisconsin and other W. states. . Total 105,000

$5,650,000 The receipts and shipments of American leaf tobacco at the principal tobacco ports in the United States in 1875 were as follows : PORTS. Received, hhds. Shipped, hhds. New York 46,932 4,017 88,966 40,290 54,831 4.447 22.450 42,930 Virginia Total 130,205 124,658 The exports of all kinds of tobacco from the port of New York in 1875 were : leaf in hhds. 54,831; cases, 30,668 ; bales, 45,122 ; ceroons, 13,515 ; stems in hhds., mostly to Germany, 2,253; manufactured tobacco, 6,554,936 Ibs. The greater part was distributed as follows : Manufactured tobacco was exported as follows: to Great Britain, 2,866,560 Ibs. ; Germany, 86,713 Ibs. ; West Indies, 754,365 Ibs.; South America, 1,109,155 Ibs.; Australia, 1,246,262 Ibs. ; and in less quantities to Belgium, Hol- land, Portugal, the Mediterranean, Africa, the British North American provinces, China, and India. The receipts of Cuban tobacco in the United States in 1875 were 82,819 bales. See Joubert, Nomeau manuel du fabricant de ta- lac (Paris, 1844) ; Hassall, "Adulterations de- tected in Food and Medicine " (London, 1857 ; new and enlarged ed., 1876) ; H. P. Prescott, " Tobacco and its Adulterations " (London, 1858); "The Uses and Abuses of Tobacco," by John Lizars, professor of surgery (Edin- burgh; reprinted, Philadelphia, 1859); Fair- holt, " Tobacco, its History and Associations " (London, 1859; new ed., 1876); "Tobacco Culture, by Fourteen Experienced Cultiva- tors" (New York, 1863); and "Tobacco," by John Dunning, in the "British Manufacturing Industries "(1876). TOBACCO PIPE. See PIPE, TOBACCO. TOBAGO, an island of the Windward group of the British West Indies, the N. point of which is in lat. 11 25' N., Ion. 60 32' W., 32 m. long ; area, 120 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 17,- 054. It is a mass of rocks which rises abrupt- ly on the N. E. side and descends toward the S. W., the most elevated part of which is about 900 ft. above the sea. There are several good harbors on the N. side for vessels of 150 tons, and a few on the S. side. The valleys are well watered by numerous streams. The produc- tions are sugar, molasses, and rum. The value of imports in 1874 was 43,743 ; of exports, 45,280. It has a lieutenant governor, sub- ordinate to the governor of the Windward isl- ands, a privy council, a legislative council of 7 members, and a house of assembly of 16 mem- bers, elected by the parishes. The capital is Scarborough, on the S. coast. Tobago was discovered by Columbus in 1498, and was ceded by France to Great Britain in 1763. TOBIT, a book of the Old Testament in the Roman Catholic canon, but regarded as apoc- ryphal by Jews and Protestants. It contains the history of Tobit or Tobias, a pious Jew of the tribe of Naphtali, living in exile at Nine- veh. Being purveyor to the court of King Shalmaneser, he became wealthy; but under