Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XV.djvu/801

 TITANS TITHES aniferous iron. (See IEON ORES.) This is met with in large masses in Maryland, north- ern NQW York, and Canada. At Bay St. Paul on the St. Lawrence are beds of it, from 100 to 300 ft. long and 90 ft. thick, the ore, according to T. Sterry Hunt, containing 48-60 per cent, of titanic acid combined with 37'06 of protox- ide of iron, 10'42 of peroxide of iron, and 3'60 of magnesia. The only useful application of titanium is to furnish a yellow color in porce- lain painting, and to give the proper tint to artificial teeth. The American supply for these purposes is derived from Pennsylvania. Tessie du Motay employs the strong attraction of titanium for nitrogen to produce ammonia directly from the atmosphere. If a mixture of titanic anhydride and charcoal, both in a minute state of division, be heated to white- ness and submitted to a current of air, nitro- gen is rapidly absorbed, and carbonic oxide escapes. By passing steam over the copper- colored crystals which result, ammonia is co- piously evolved, and it is claimed that the operation may be made continuous. TITANS, in Greek mythology, the sons and daughters of Uranus (Ccelus) and Gasa (Terra). They were Oceanus, Cceus, Crius, Hyperion, Japetus, Cronus, Theia, Ehea, Themis, Mnemo- syne, Phoebe, and Tethys. According to the most generally received account, Uranus feared his offspring, and as fast as they were born threw them into Tartarus. Gsea endeavored to persuade them to free her and themselves from this oppressive treatment. Cronus, armed with a sickle made by his mother, un- manned his father, and thus secured liberty and power for himself and his brothers. Mar- rying his sister Rhea, he begot three sons and three daughters, but, having been told that he would be destroyed by one of his own children, swallowed them as soon as they were born. Rhea concealed Zeus (Jupiter), the youngest, in a cave in Crete, giving to Cronus instead a stone wrapped in swaddling clothes. "When Zeus had grown up, he was enabled by strata- gem to make his father vomit up the stone and the five children he had swallowed. Supplied by the Cyclops with thunder and lightning, and aided by the Centimani, Zeus carried on a war against the Titans for ten years, and at length triumphed. The Titans, with the exception of Oceanus, were confined for ever in a subter- ranean dungeon, where they were guarded by the Centimani. The name of Titans was also given to their descendants. TITE, Sir William, an English architect, born in London in 1802, died in Torquay, April 20, 1873. He studied under Laing, and early superintended the restoration of the church of St. Dunstan-in-the-East. He built the famous gothic Irvingite church in London, and several tine railway stations in France and England. His most celebrated work is the royal exchange, London. He was president of the institute of British architects from 1862 to 1864, a mem- ber of parliament for Bath from 1855 till his death, and was knighted in 1869. He was a high financial authority, and presided for some time over the London and Westminster bank and the bank of Egypt. TITHES (Ang. Sax. teotha, a tenth), a tax of one tenth of the increase of crops, stock, and avails of personal industry, formerly and still in some countries levied for the support of the officers of religion, religious worship, or the assistance of the poor. This tax seems to have been of patriarchal origin (Gen. xiv. 20), and existed in many of the nations of antiquity. Under the Jewish theocracy the tenth part of the increase of the property of the Jews was accorded to the Levites, as a substitute for the landed inheritance which they forfeited by their consecration to the temple worship, and also as a compensation for their services. Other tithes were also prescribed for the sac- rifices of the temple, and at particular periods for the poor. The early Christian church adopted voluntarily the custom of consecrating to religious purposes a tenth of the income, it being admitted that first fruits and tithes were not of divine precept in the new law, but held that the obligation of supporting the ministers of religion is of divine origin. It does not appear that the payment of tithes was ever enjoined as obligatory by the Greek or other eastern churches. The first known canonical enactment made for that purpose in the Latin church was a statute of the second council of Tours in 567, and this collection was enforced under pain of excommunication by the second council of Macon in 585. In France, Char- lemagne established them by decree in the 8th century. In England the first law in relation to them is believed to have been that of Offa, king of Mercia, who brought the civil power to the aid of the clergy in collecting their tithes. This was subsequently extended over the whole of England by Ethelwulf. In the 9th century they were also made obligatory in Scotland, and not long after in Ireland. At first they were paid to whatever church the payer chose, but the decretal of Pope Inno- cent III. directed their payment to the parsons of the respective parishes in which they arose. By the ecclesiastical law tithes were divided into three kinds: "predial," or such as arose immediately from the ground, like grain of all kinds, fruits, herbs, grasses, hops, wood, &c. ; " mixed," natural products, but nurtured, and preserved in part by the care of man, such as wool, milk, pigs, butter, cheese, &c.; and "personal," as of manual occupations, trades, fisheries, &c. The first two kinds were payable in gross, but of the third class only the tenth part of the clear gains and profits was due. In France, Charlemagne divided the tithes into four parts, one to maintain the edifice of the church, another to support the poor, a third to maintain the bishop, and a fourth the parochial clergy. By the original law in England, all lands except those of the crown and of the church itself were tithable ; but at the ref or-