Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XV.djvu/787

 TIMOTHEUS pi- oysters are found in some places, and a ind of coral much prized by the Japanese is >cured on the reefs. The people are of low iture, with very dark complexions and bushy lir, and resemble the Papuan type of man- ind. The women weave cloth, and the only mufactures which the men engage in are the )nstruction of canoes, and ornaments for their lorses. A considerable trade is carried on, rincipally from Kupang, and is chiefly in the ids of the Chinese. Timor was visited by )ampier in 1699. The region about Dilli has occupied by the Portuguese about 300 3, but the settlement is miserably governed, >rly cultivated, and without roads. The itch colony is little better. The natives iroughout the island are peaceably disposed )ward Europeans, but belligerent among them- jlves, and practically independent. TIMOTHEUS, an Athenian general, died in Icia in 354 B. 0. He was the son of the leral Conon and a pupil of Isocrates. He ras made a general in 378, and in 375 de- ited a Spartan fleet near Alyzia. In con- juence of his failure to come promptly to le relief of Corey ra, thereby endangering the 3s of the island, he had to lay down his gen- ralship and answer the charges brought against lim. Though acquitted, he went in 372 to sia, and entered the service of the king of 'ersia; but he returned to Athens and was it on an expedition in support of Ariobar- les, satrap of Phrygia. Seizing a favora- i opportunity, he took possession of Samos >r the Athenians, and secured for them a par- tial control of the Hellespont and the occupa- tion of a large surrounding territory. Tiino- theus was then appointed to a command inclu- ding Macedonia, Thrace, and the Chersonese. With the aid of Macedonia he reduced Torone, Potidasa, Pydna, Methone, and various other cities belonging to the Olynthian confederacy, but was unsuccessful intheattack upon Amphip- olis. In 363-362 he proceeded against Cotys, king of Thrace, and to the defence of the Athe- nian possessions in the Chersonese, in which he is said to have been successful; but for some reason not now known he retired from his command. In 358 the cities of Eubcea sent messages to Athens entreating aid against the Thebans, who had despatched a large force into the island. Through the energy of Timo- theus, within five days an Athenian fleet and army under his command were in Eubcea, and in the course of 30 days the Thebans were forced to evacuate the island under capitula- tion. In 356, the second year of the social war, Chares, Iphicrates and his son Menestheus, and Timotheus were appointed to the joint command of an Athenian fleet. In 354 Chares accused his colleagues of having been the direct cause of his defeat at Chios, and Timotheus and Iphicrates were recalled and accused of treason. Iphicrates was acquitted, but Timotheus was found guilty and fined 100 talents. He retired to Chalcis in Eubcea, where he died in the same TIMOTHY GRASS 757 year. His son Conon was permitted to com- promise the fine by paying 10 talents for re- pairing the walls of the city. TIMOTHY (Gr. TipMeot, "he who honors God "), a disciple of Paul, and his companion in travel and in preaching. He was a native of Derbe or Lystra in Lycaonia, and the son of a Greek and a Jewess. To prevent the cavils of the Jews, Paul circumcised him. He was set apart to the office of the ministry by the laying on of the hands of Paul and the presbytery. He journeyed through Macedonia and Achaia, and was afterward sent by Paul to Ephesus, whence he accompanied the apostle to Jerusalem, and probably to Rome. In the epistles of Paul written during his captivity at Rome, Timothy is mentioned as being with the apostle. Tradition says that Timothy was the first bishop of Ephesus, and was martyred under Domitian. TIMOTHY, Epistles to, two canonical books of the New Testament, addressed, according to ecclesiastical tradition, by the apostle Paul to his disciple Timothy. They are mentioned by Tertullian, Clement of Alexandria, and Ori- gen. Schleiermacher attacked the authenti- city of the first epistle, and after him the au- thenticity of either the first or both epistles has been doubted by Baur, Reuterdahl (arch- bishop of Upsal), Meyer, De Wette, Ewald, and others ; against whom it has been defended by Thiersch, Wieseler, Reuss, Huther, Bleek, and others. The defenders of their authenticity are not agreed as to the times when the epis- tles were written. Most of them suppose the first to have been written about the year 65. The second, according to the same writers, was written during the captivity of Paul at Rome, and while he was in expectation of martyrdom. It gives instructions on Christian steadfast- ness and fidelity (ch. i.) ; exhorts Timothy to constancy (ch. ii.); warns him against false teachers, invites him to come to Rome, and gives information of many of the companions of Paul (ch. iii. and iv.). The two epistles to Timothy, together with the one to Titus, are comprised under the name pastoral epistles. Among the recent commentaries on them are those of Wiesinger (1850), Ellicott (London, 3d ed., 1864), Huther (3d ed., 1866), and Oster- zee in Lange's Bilelwerk (2d ed., 1864 ; Eng- lish translation by "Washburne and Harwood, New York, 1868). TIMOTHY GRASS, an agricultural grass (phleum prateme), which takes this name from Timothy Hansen, who cultivated it ex- tensively in Maryland, and brought it into no- tice. In some parts of the country it is called Herd's grass, a name which leads to confusion, as the red-top (agrostis vulgaris) is called Herd's grass in Pennsylvania and some other states ; in England it is known as cat's-tail. The genus phleum has its one-flowered spikelets in dense spikes ; its structure is illustrated un- der GRASSES. A native species, P. alpimim, is found on the higher mountains, but P. pra-