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 708 THIONVILLE through several editions, and has been trans- lated into English and other languages. He published also a school edition of this work, an account of his travels in Italy (1826), an edition of Pindar (2 vols., 1850), and other school books and philological treatises. His life has been written by his son Heinrich (2 vols., Leipsic, 1866). II. Heinrich Wilhelm Josias, a German theologian, son of the preceding, born in Munich, Nov. 5, 1817. He was pro- fessor at Marburg from 1843 to 1864, 'and sub- sequently resided at Heidelberg. He is the principal representative of Edward Irving's doctrines in Germany. His works include Geschichte der Kirche im apoatolischen Zeital- ter (2 vols., Frankfort, 1852 ; English transla- tion, London, 1854), and Ueber christliches Familienleben (6th ed., 1872). THIONYILLE. See DIEDENHOFEN. THIRD ESTATE. See STATES GENERAL. THI KLW ALL, Connop, an English historian, born at Stepney, Middlesex, Feb. 11, 1797, died July 27, 1875. He was educated at Cam- bridge, was tutor, Craven scholar, Bell's schol- ar, and senior chancellor's medallist, received the degree of master in 1821, and became a fel- low. He was called to the bar in 1825, but in 1828 entered the church, and became rector of Kirby-under-Dale, Yorkshire. In 1840 he was created bishop of St. Davids, which office he resigned in June, 1874. With J. 0. Hare he translated the first two volumes of Niebuhr's " History of Rome" (1828), and he contributed to Lardner's " Cabinet Cyclopaedia" a history of Greece (1835 et seq.), afterward enlarged (8 vols., 1845-'52). He published a speech de- livered in the house of lords in 1869 on the Irish church, and several sermons. His " Lit- erary and Theological Remains" were edited by Canon Perowne (3 vols., London, 1875-'6). THIRST, the sensation by which the want of fluid in the system is made known, dependent on the condition of the stomach, throat, and fauces, and in a state of health a tolerably faith- ful indication of the requirements of the body. It is generally considered as immediately re- sulting from an impression on the nerves of the stomach, as it is allayed by the introduction of liquids through a tube, so that the fauces are not touched ; in this way speedy relief is ob- tained, because of the instantaneous absorption of the fluid by the veins of the stomach. This, however, must be taken with some qualifica- tion, as the intensity of thirst bears no neces- sary relation to the amount of liquid in the stomach, but indicates a want of the system which can be supplied through the blood ves- sels, the rectum, or the skin ; in fact, the con- ditions are very analogous to those mentioned under HUNGER. A supply of fluid, as indicated by thirst, is necessary to make up for the losses by cutaneous and pulmonary exhalation, and by the urinary and other secretions, which are effected chiefly at the expense of the water in the blood. Thirst is greatest in a dry and hot air, when the perspiration and other secretions THIRTY YEARS' WAR are excessive; salted or highly spiced food, strong fermented liquors, and irritating sub- stances and poisons applied to the intestinal mucous membrane, excite thirst, no doubt to induce an ingestion of fluid by which they may be diluted. A sudden loss of blood, either by the lancet or from a wound, or a rapid drain on the vascular system, as in Asiatic cholera, diarrhoea, or diabetes, causes thirst in propor- tion to its amount. Thirst is less when the food is watery, and when liquid can be ab- sorbed by the skin from the surrounding air ,or water. The thirst of fever does not neces- sarily indicate a pressing demand for fluids, but depends on the dryness and heat of the throat, mouth, and skin, with diminished transpira- tion, and is better relieved by small pieces of ice than by copious draughts of water. Ani- mals with naked skins, like batrachians, living in water or moist air, have no need to drink to quench thirst, cutaneous absorption supply- ing the necessary fluid. The camel, on the other hand, supports thirst for a long time, carrying a supply of fluid in the water stomach. The daily quantity of fluid taken by a man de- pends upon the temperature, the amount of exercise and perspiration, and the nature of the food. As a general rule, a man in good health, taking a fair amount of bodily exercise, consumes about 2 Ibs. of solid food and rather less than 3 Ibs. of liquid food in a day. But as most articles of solid food, such as meat, bread, and vegetables, themselves contain a notable proportion of water, they contribute so far to satisfy the daily demand for liquids. The body requires to be supplied, either in the solid or liquid form, with about 4 Ibs. of water daily ; and if this quantity from any cause be deficient, the sensation of thirst indicates the require- ments of the system. Every loss of water from the body, as above mentioned, increases this demand. Consequently, when from any acci- dental circumstance, as in cases of shipwreck, a sufficient supply of water for drink cannot be obtained, every care should be taken to pre- vent the loss of fluids from the system. The avoidance of perspiration, the protection of the skin from evaporation, and frequent bathing in salt water when practicable, are all efficient in diminishing the danger, and in protracting as long as possible the period of endurance. THIRTY YEARS' WAR, a religious and politi- cal conflict which involved the German em- pire, and with it the principal states of Europe, from 1618 to 1648. The causes which led to this struggle reach back to the early part of the 16th century, when the reformation divided Germany into two hostile religious parties. Protestantism, nearly crushed in the war of the Smalcald league, rose triumphant under Maurice of Saxony, and with the peace of Augs- burg (1555) Charles V. beheld the chief aim of his policy for ever frustrated. By the terms of this peace, which extended to those Prot- estants only who had embraced the confession of Augsburg, the right was secured to each