Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XV.djvu/727

 THERESIOPEL THERMO-ELECTRICITY 697 gust, 1562, when she assumed that of Teresa de Jesus. At the age of 20 she entered the order of Carmelites in a convent of her native town, in which she remained 27 years. She then founded a reformed branch of the Carmel- ites (Barefooted Carmelites), sometimes called after her Theresians. During her life 29 con- vents of the reformed order were established, and in the 18th century it counted about 2,000 members in six provinces, in Spain and Span- ish America. She was beatified by Pope Paul V., April 24, 1614, and canonized by Gregory XV., March 22, 1622, her feast being fixed on Oct. 15. Theresa described the internal strug- gles and aspirations of her heart and her fre- quent mystic visions in ascetic treatises and letters, which are among the most memorable documents of the mystic literature of the Ro- man Catholic church, while their excellence of language and style has secured for them a place in the classic literature of Spain. Five of them are extant : Discurso 6 relation de su vida, written in 1562 ; El camino de la perfec- tion, prepared in 1563 as a guide for the nuns of her reformed order ; El libro de las fun- daciones, an account of the convents founded by her; El castillo interior, 6 las moradas, written in 1577, and the most celebrated of her mystic works, in which she portrays in glowing colors the gradual progress of the soul to the seventh heaven, the celestial castle of Christ, her spouse ; and Santos conceptos de amor de Dios, the original of which she burned in obedience to her confessor, but which has been preserved from a copy taken by one of the nuns. The original manuscripts of the first four works are preserved in the library of the Escurial. Tie first complete edition appeared at Salamanca in 1587, and a recent one, edited by Ochoa, at Paris in 1847 (Tesoro de las olras misticas de Santa Teresa de Jesus). A collec- tion of letters of St. Theresa, addressed to dif- ferent persons, was published at Saragossa in 1658. The abbe Migne edited a complete col- lection of her works in French (4 vols., Paris, 1840-'46), and they have been translated into most other European languages. A French translation from the original manuscripts was published by Pere Marcel Bouix (3 vols. 8vo, Le Mans, 1852-'6). Among the many lives of St. Theresa are those of Ribera (Salamanca, 1590; French by Pere Bouix, Paris, 1865), the Bollandist Vandermoere (Brussels, 1845), and Maria French (London, 1875). THERESIOPEL, or Maria-Tlieresiopel. See SZA- BAD. THERMIC GULF. See SALOOTCA. THERMO-ELECTRICITY, electricity developed by heat, and also the science which treats of the phenomena and mode of production. Prof. Seebeck of Berlin, in 1822, was the first to make any well directed observations upon the subject. He found that when two rods or bars of different metals were soldered together or otherwise held in intimate contact at their ends, and the junction heated, an electrical disturbance took place, and that if the ununi- ted ends were connected by a conductor an electric current was established. Several crys- tals, while their temperature is rising or fall- ing, also become oppositely electrically excited at their opposite ends. The term pyro-elec- tricity is usually applied to the electrical phe- nomena which arise from changes of heat in crystals. These phenomena were first observed in tourmaline, a double-refracting, silicate crys- tallizing in hexagonal prisms. (See TOUKMA- LINE.) Its electrical manifestations are con- fined within certain limits oi; temperature, chiefly between 50 and 300 F., but these lim- its vary with the length of the crystal. If *a crystal of tourmaline is suspended by a thread at its middle, and heated, its ends will be at- tracted and repelled by electrically excited bodies. Many other crystals exhibit like phe- nomena, but less in degree, which in many cases can only be detected by a delicate elec- troscope. That pole of a crystal at which the algebraic sign of the change of temperature is the same as that of the electricity developed, that is to say, which manifests positive elec- tricity when the temperature is rising, is called the analogous pole, and the other, the anti- logous pole. Brazilian topaz becomes electri- cal when heated, the Siberian variety slightly, the Saxon not at all. When the first two are treated negative electricity appears at both ends of the crystal, while the positive is devel- oped on the lateral faces. Pyro-electricity is chiefly developed in hemihedral crystals. The phenomena of thermo-electricity in metals is most strongly marked when two metals are heated at their junction ; but if a wire of a sin- gle metal be tied in a knot, and be heated on one side of the knot, electrical disturbance will take place. When two metals are employed, the strength of the current appears to be in proportion to the difference of temperature of the two metals on each side of the junction, and its direction and also its strength upon the natures of the metals used. In fig. l,mn represents a plate of copper, soldered on to a plate of bismuth, op, the middle of which also supports a mag- netic needle, beneath the copper plate. If heat be applied at o FIG. 1 while the axis of the instrument is in the magnetic meridian, the north pole of the needle will be deflected to the left hand of an observer looking from n to m (see GALVANISM, vol. vii., p. 592), which indicates that a galvanic current is passing through the copper from n to m. If however the junction n o is cooled, the current will flow from m to n. In the following list, according to Becquerel, the direction of the current will be from any element to any one following, the intensity being greatest between the first and the last: bismuth, platinum, lead, tin, gold,