Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XV.djvu/726

 696 THEOPHYLACT THERESA is Wimmer's (Leipsic, 1854, and Paris, 1866). His " Characters " were translated into French and prefixed to his own by La Bruyere (1688), and into English, among others, by Francis Howell (London, 1824). THEOPHYLACT (Oeo^vAa/crof), surnamed Si- MOOATTA, a Byzantine historian, born of an Egyptian family in Locris in the latter part of the 6th century, died about 629. From 610 till about the close of his life he held various offices at Constantinople. He wrote a history of the reign of the emperor Maurice (582-602), of which a Latin translation, Histories Mauricii Tiberii Imperatoris Libri VIIL, was published at Ingolstadt in 1648. Besides 85 letters (Epis- tolcB Morales, Rustica et Amatorm, 4to, Cra- cow, 1509), he wrote a work on the nature of animals, especially of man (' AKopiai^voiKai, or Qucestiones Physica, 4to, Leyden, 1591k: Leip- sic, 1653.) These two works were published together at Paris in 1835. THEOPHTLAT, a Greek theologian, born in Constantinople probably about the middle of the llth century, died after 1112. He was in- structed by Clement, archbishop of Bulgaria, 1 and became archbishop of Achris or Achrida, a chief city of Bulgaria, between the years 1070 and 1077. He engaged in the contro- versies of his day, especially those relating to the true character, procedure, and office work of the Holy Ghost, and the question wheth- er or not common bread or only unleavened should be used in the sacrament, opposing the views of the Latin church. He compiled commentaries upon the minor prophets and a large part of the New Testament from the works of Chrysostom, and wrote a treatise on royal education (Tlaideia Ba<7f/lt/c#, or Insti- tutio Regia) for the instruction of his pupil Prince Constantino Porphyrogenitus, the son of Michael VII. There exist 75 of his letters, with some homilies and orations and a few small treatises. An edition of all his works in Greek and Latin was issued at Venice (4 vols. fol., 1754-'63). THERA (now Santoriri), an island of the -^Egean sea, now forming with Amorgos and other islands an eparchy of Greece, in the no- marchy of the Cyclades; length about 9 m. from N. to S., average breadth about 4 m. ; pop. about 13,000; of the eparchy, in 1870, 21,907. It was originally circular, but the islet Therasia was torn from it by an earthquake about 237 B. 0., and it now resembles a horse- shoe. The harbor thus formed is the crater of a volcano, and as no bottom is found, vessels make fast to the abrupt and rocky shores. The soil is volcanic and inclined to dryness, but very fertile. The annual production of wine is about 1,750,000 gallons. Ship building is the only considerable industry. Thera, the capi- tal, had a population in 1870 of 5,143. Though an ancient Lacedaemonian colony, Thera is only of historic importance as having sent a colony to found the city of Gyrene in Africa, 631 B. C. The dates of the eruptions known to have taken place in or near this isl- and are 197 B. C. and A. D. 46, 726, 1573, 1707, and 1866. By that of 197 B. C. the island of Paltea (Old) Cammeni was formed, by that of 46 Mikra (Little) Cammeni, and by that of A. D. 1707 Nea (New) Cammeni. The last was at first composed of white pumice, but subse- quently received additions of brown trachytic rock. The eruption did not wholly cease or the island assume its present form till 1712. In the beginning^ 1866 stones flew up from the port of Volcano, and a new volcano arose which attained a height of about 100 ft. The eruptions continued until the autumn of 1870, and enormous quantities of lava were thrown out, surpassing in size those projected in 1707- '12. Near Nea Cammeni a regular cone was formed 325 ft. high. THERAMENES, a political leader at Athens toward the end of the 5th century B. C., born in Cos. In 411 he became a member of the council of 400 ; but he deserted it and became one of the leading agents in its overthrow. In 410 he joined the fleet under Thrasybulus, and took part in the battle of Cyzicus ; and in 408 he participated in the siege of Chalcedon and f ,he capture of Byzantium, under Alcibiades. He was one of the inferior generals at the battle of Arginusse in 406 ; and it was chiefly through his influence that six of the command- ers vere condemned to death for not saving the drowning crews, although, as they asserted, he had himself been sent with others to per- form that office. During the siege of Athens by the Spartan general Lysander, when the city was reduced to great extremity, Thera- menes was> sent as envoy to the Lacedaemo- nians. He remained three months with Ly- sander, who he pretended detained him that length of time without informing him that the ephors only had power to grant peace; and upon his return to the city, which was now suffering under n, terrible famine, he was sent back to make peace on any terms. The hard conditions imposed by the Lacedasmonians were assented to (see GREECE, vol. viii., p. 195), and in 404 Theramenes, who during his three months' stay with Lysander had made arrangements with tihe Athenian oligarchical exiles, was among tho most active in subvert- ing the constitution, and became one of the thirty tyrants. He warmly supported the first measures of the government in crushing the democracy and putting to death its prominent leaders; but he afterward opposed the violent measures of Critias and his colleagues. His party daily increased ; b>ut Critias, after char- ging him with being a ' public enemy, caused him to be dragged off t prison by partisans with concealed daggers whom he had brought into the senate house, a: id compelled him to drink the hemlock. THERESA, or Teresa, Saiiit, a Spanish mystical writer, born in Avila, March 28, 1515, died at Alba, Oct. 4, 1582. She Ahumada (her mother's funnily name) till Au- was called Teresa de