Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XV.djvu/699

 TEUTONS battle of Griinwald or Tannenberg in 1410 they were totally defeated by Ladislas Jagel- lon; and after a subsequent long war with Casimir IV., West Prussia was given up to Poland, and for East Prussia they were com- pelled to do homage (1466). An attempt to regain their independence deprived them of East Prussia, which in 1525 was presented by Sigismund I. of Poland to the grand master, the margrave Albert of Brandenburg, as a hereditary duchy. The order was now re- duced to a mere shadow of its former great- ness. In 1527 the grand master fixed his seat at Mergentheim in Swabia, became a spiritual prince of the German empire, and had under him 11 provinces divided into commanderies. In 1805 the peace of Presburg gave to the emperor of Austria the rights, revenues, and possessions of grand master of the Teutonic order; but in the campaign of 1809 Napoleon while at Ratisbon abolished the order on April 24, its widely scattered territory, comprising about 850 sq. m. with 88,000 inhabitants, fall- ing to the princes in whose dominions it was. It was revived in the Austrian empire in 1834 and placed under the protection of the im- perial family; it was more fully reorganized in 1840. From 1863 till his death in Mexico, the archduke Maximilian was grand master. The present grand master is the archduke Wilhelm. TEUTONS (Lat. Teutones or Teutoni), a pow- erful people of ancient Germany, who prob- ably dwelt on the southern shores of the Bal- tic, in the vicinity of the Cimbri, together with whom they invaded the dominions of the Roman republic at the close of the 2d century B. 0., when they were annihilated by Marius. (See CIMBEI.) The name Teutons is also ap- plied to the ancient Germans in general. (See GEEMANIO RACES AND LANGUAGES.) TEWKESBURY, a market town of Gloucester- shire, England, at the confluence of the Avon and Severn, 108 m. W. by N. of London ; pop. in 1871, 5,409. It has an old church in the Nor- man style, town hall, mechanics' library, and stocking, lace, and nail manufactories. Edward IV. here defeated the Lancastrians in 1471. TEXAS, a S. W. state of the American Union, the 15th admitted under the constitution, situ- ated between lat. 25 50' and 36 30' N., and Ion. 93 30' and 106 40' W. ; greatest length, from the mouth of the Rio Grande to the N. W. corner, about 825 m. ; greatest breadth, along the 32d parallel, about 740 m. ; area, 274,356 sq. m., being greater than that of any other state or territory except Alaska, and nearly six times as great as that of New York. It is bounded N. by New Mexico (W. of the 103d meridian), the Indian territory, and Ar- kansas, the Red river being the dividing line E. of the 100th meridian ; E. by the Indian territory (N. of lat. 34 30'), Arkansas, and Louisiana, from the last of which it is mostly separated by the Sabine river and lake ; S. E. by the gulf of Mexico ; S. W. by Mexico, from TEXAS 669 which it is separated by the Rio Grande ; and W. by New Mexico. The state is (1876) divided into 174 counties, of which 26, marked with an *, are unorganized, viz. : Anderson, An- gelina, Aransas, Archer,* Atascosa, Austin, Bandera, Bastrop, Baylor,* Bee, Bell, Bexar, Blanco, Bosque, Bowie, Brazoria, Brazos, Brown, Burleson, Burnet, Caldwell, Calhoun, Callahan,* Cameron, Camp, Cass, Chambers, Cherokee, Clay, Coleman, Collin, Colorado, Comal, Comanche, Concho, Cooke, Coryell, Crockett,* Dallas, Dawson,* Delta, Denton, De Witt, Dimmitt,* Duval,* Eastland, Edwards,* Ellis, El Paso, Encinal,* Erath, Falls, Fan- nin, Fayette, Fort Bend, Franklin, Freestone, Frio, Galveston, Gillespie, Goliad, Gonzales, Gray son, Greer* (see GREEK), Gregg, Grimes, Guadalupe, Hamilton, Hardeman,* Hardin, Harris, Harrison, Haskell,* Hays, Hender- son, Hidalgo, Hill, Hood, Hopkins, Houston, Hunt, Jack, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, John- son, Jones,* Karnes, Kaufman, Kendall, Kerr, Kimble,* Kinney, Knox,* Lamar, Lampasas, State Seal of Texas. La Salle,* Lavaca, Lee, Leon, Liberty, Lime- stone, Live Oak, Llano, McCulloch,* McLen- nan, McMullen,* Madison, Marion, Mason, Mat- agorda, Maverick, Medina, Menard, Milam, Montague, Montgomery, Morris, Nacogdoches, Navarre, Newton, Nueces, Orange, Palo Pinto, Panola, Parker, Pecos, Polk, Presidio, Rains, Red River, Refugio, Robertson, Rockwall, Runnels,* Rusk, Sabine, San Augustine, San Jacinto, San Patricio, San Saba, Shackleford, Shelby, Smith, Somerville, Starr, Stephens,* Tan-ant, Taylor,* Throckmorton,* Titus, Tom Green, Travis, Trinity, Tyler, Upshur, Uvalde, Van Zandt, Victoria, Walker, Waller, Wash- ington, Webb, Wegefarth,* Wharton, Wichita,* Wilbarger,* Williamson, Wilson, Wise, Wood, Young, Zapata, Zavala.* An extensive region in the W. part of the state N. of the 32d paral- lel is not divided into counties, the N. portion being known as Bexar territory and the S. por- tion as Young territory. The principal cities are Galveston (pop. in 1870, 13,818), San An- tonio (12,256), Houston (9,382), Brownsville (4,905), Austin (the capital, 4,428), and Jeffer-