Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XV.djvu/697

 TETANUS found which are constantly connected with the disease. Idiopathic tetanus, rare in temperate, is not uncommon in hot climates ; but though heat acts as a predisposing cause, the exciting cause is generally exposure to damp and cold. In traumatic tetanus, exposure to cold, particu- larly when the body is debilitated by previous warm weather, seems to be an efficient cause. Thus the wounded in the battle of Dresden, who were exposed to cold and wet just after the battle, while the previous weather had been hot and oppressive, suffered severely from tetanus ; and after the battle of Bantzen, where the wounded lay on the field exposed to cold and rain during the night, Larrey found more than 100 attacked with tetanus the next morn- ing. Tetanus is more liable to follow punc- tured and lacerated than incised wounds ; and wounds of the palmar surface of the feet and hands, which are abundantly supplied with nerves, are particularly dangerous, but it may follow wounds of every character. Even those made by the knife of the surgeon and the stroke of a whip, the cutting of a corn and extraction of a tooth, have all been followed by this for- midable and fatal disease. Cases are on record in which lying-in women have been seized by the disease. The time which elapses between the reception of the injury and the period of invasion of the disease varies greatly. Larrey says that during the campaign in Egypt it rarely appeared before the fifth or after the fifteenth day ; yet some cases are on record in which it came on in a few hours, and others in which it was delayed for more than a month. "When the paroxysms come on suddenly, recur at short intervals, and increase in violence, treatment is rarely of any avail ; death in such cases oc- curs often as early as the second, and is rarely delayed beyond the fifth day. When the at- tack is less violent and the interval between the paroxysms longer, the prospects of the patient are better, and if life is protracted beyond the tenth day he will frequently re- cover. The treatment of tetanus is unsatis- factory. The inhalation of chloroform has been strongly recommended, and where it is well borne, it mitigates greatly the sufferings of the patient. Opium has been given in large and repeated doses ; when recourse is had to it, it should be administered in a liquid form, or some salt of morphia should be used. A strong solution of the sulphate of morphia may be given by subcutaneous injection. Wine and distilled spirits, with or without opium, have been given in large quantities, and in many cases apparently with benefit. The bowels should be occasionally moved by active pur- gatives. But as the paroxysms are mainly excited by external sources of irritation, even slight ones, the principle of the treatment should be to keep the patient perfectly quiet. Stillness, a darkened apartment, few atten- dants, and the absence as far as possible of all causes of physical or mental disturbance, promise a better chance of recovery than any TETZEL 667 active interference or the repeated adminis- tration of medicinal agents. TETUAN, a city and seaport of Morocco, in the province of Fez, at the W. end of the Mediterranean, 21 m. S. by W. of Ceuta; lat. 35 37' ST., Ion. 5 18' W. ; pop. about 20,000. The town is about 6 m. W. of the coast, on high ground, which rises on the south into a ridge 3,000 ft. high. It is surrounded by a wall flanked with towers, and is defended by a castle. The streets are narrow and dirty, but there are some fine buildings, particular- ly mosques, of which there are 40. Its har- bor is an open roadstead unprotected on the east, and is fit for small vessels only. The town has manufactures of leather, leather goods, swords, and firearms, and a considera- ble inland trade through Fez. Its foreign trade consists principally in supplying Gibral- tar with provisions. In 1873, 211 vessels, of 2,716 tons, entered its port. The value of its imports was $111,555; exports, $55,775. Te- tuan was captured by the Spaniards in 1860, but was given up in the following year. TETZEL, or Tezel, Johann, a German monk, born in Leipsic about 1460, died there in Au- gust, 1519. He studied theology and philoso- phy at the university of Leipsic, and in 1489 entered the order of Dominicans. He gained celebrity as a popular preacher, and was re- peatedly engaged to preach indulgences granted by the pope to raise money for religious pur- poses. The early Protestant biographers of Tetzel say that he sold certificates of indul- gence without requiring previous confession, and indulgences for future sins; that he led a very immoral life, and was even convicted at Innspruck of adultery ; but Catholic his- torians have generally qualified these state- ments as gross exaggerations, though they ad- mit that he often offered the indulgences in an offensive and mountebank way. In 1516 Tetzel began the publication of an indulgence designed to procure means for the construc- tion of St. Peter's at Eome, receiving at the same time an appointment as inquisitor. Never before had the preaching of an indulgence produced such a commotion. He is said to have assured the people that as soon as the money resounded in the chest their sins would be forgiven, and the souls of the departed re- ceived into heaven; but Catholics maintain that this is conclusively refuted by the Instruc- tio Summaria Sacerdotum ad Prcedicandas In- dulgentias, prepared by Tetzel in 1517, in which he makes the gaining of an indulgence ex- pressly dependent upon repentance and con- fession. As a delegate of the highest eccle- siastical authorities, Tetzel was generally re- ceived with great pomp, but at the same time met with a powerful and rapidly increasing opposition. On Oct. 31, 1517, Luther posted the celebrated 95 theses against the abuses in preaching indulgences on the doors of the church in Wittenberg. Tetzel publicly burned the theses at Juterbogk, and in January, 1518,