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 664 TERUEL pold in Gersdorf s BiUiotheca Patrum Latino- rum (vols. iv. to vii., Leipsic, 1839-'41), Migne (vols. i. to iii. of Patrologie latine, Paris, 1844), and Oehler (3 vols., Leipsic, 1853). Transla- tions of several, especially of the u Apology," have been published in most of the modern European languages. The life of Tertullian has been written by Jerome in the early church, and in modern times by Neander (Antignos- ticu*, Berlin, 1825) and Hesselberg (Dorpat, 1848). See also the special works on Mon- tanism by Wernsdorf (1751), Mtinter (1829), Schwegler (1841), and Baur (1851). TERUEL* I. A N". E. province of Spain, in Aragon, bordering on Saragossa, Tarragona, Castellon, Valencia, Cuenca, and Guadalajara ; area, 5,494 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 252,201. The Albarracin mountains traverse it E. and W., sending off numerous spurs on both sides, which are- covered with forests and abound in game. Muela de San Juan, one of the prin- cipal summits of the main range, is covered with snow during the greater part of the year, and the rivers Tagus, Guadalaviar, and Jucar have their sources on its sides. The prov- ince is well watered by the Guadalupe and the Jiloca, affluents of the Ebro, the Guadala- viar, and numerous smaller streams. There are extensive plains producing grain, wine, oil, silk, hemp, flax, saffron, and fruit. Numerous sheep, swine, and cattle are reared. Coarse woollen goods, linen, canvas, leather, paper, and earthenware are manufactured. II. A town, capital of the province, on the left bank of the Guadalaviar, 136 m. E. of Madrid; pop. about 10,500. It stands on elevated ground, is surrounded by old walls, and entered by a number of gates surmounted by Aragonese towers. There is a cathedral, episcopal palace, several convents, two hospitals, and a bull ring capable of accommodating 9,000 spectators. TESCHEN, a town of Lower Silesia, Austria, on the right bank of the Olsa, 38 m. S. E. of Troppau ; pop. in 1870, including suburbs, 9,779. There is some trade in local products. The principal manufactory is one for yarns, and there is also a large publishing house. The peace concluded at Teschen, May 13, 1779, be- tween Maria Theresa and Frederick the Great, terminated the war of the Bavarian succession. The former duchy of Teschen comprised till 1849 most of an extensive circle of the same name, now divided into eight bailiwicks. TESSIN. See TIOINO. TESTAMENT. See WILL. TESTAMENT, Old and New. See BIBLE. . TESTIMONY. See EVIDENCE. TR3TUDINATA, a term employed by Klein, and adopted by Agassiz, synonymous with chelo- nians, and embracing the reptiles known as tortoises and turtles. They are the highest of the class, approaching the lower or aquatic birds in form, mode of existence, and in some points of structure ; the regions of the body are distinctly marked, and the head has a con- siderable mobility on the neck. Dumeril and TESTUDINATA Bibron divide the order into four families : thalassites or marine turtles ; potamites or river tortoises ; elodites or marsh tortoises, with the subfamilies cryptoderes, which bend the short neck like the letter Z, and conceal the head on the median line beneath the carapace, and pleuroderes, which curve the long neck hori- zontally and on the side of the body under the shell ; and chersites or land tortoises, the high- est in rank. Agassiz ("Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of Ameri- ca," vol. i., part 2) adopts Oppel's subdivision of the order, making the suborders: I., che- lonii, with the families: 1, chelonioidce, marine turtles, and 2, sphargididw, leather or trunk turtles; and II., amydce, with the families: 3, trionychidce, soft-shelled tortoises; 4, chely- oidcB (matamata) ; 5, hydraspididce, like plate- mys and other flattened species, mostly South American, united by J. E. Gray to the pre- ceding family ; 6, chelydroidce, snapping tur- tles; 7, cinosternoidce, mud turtles; 8, emy- doidce, fresh-water species like the terrapins; and 9, testudinina, land tortoises like the great Galapagos, gopher, and common European tor- toises. The characters of the suborders with their families will be given under TORTOISE and Skeleton of Tortoise. TUETLE, which may be considered as corre- sponding to the amydm and chelonii of Oppel. The skeleton is in great part external, the bony box being covered only by comparatively thin scales or a naked skin ; the most striking character is the stiff vertebral column, spread- ing in the shape of a carapace or shield, con- nected by a lateral bridge with the plastron or ventral plate, between which the organs of the trunk are enclosed, and having an anterior and a posterior opening for the protrusion of the head, limbs, and tail, which are all free ; loco- motion is always performed by the four limbs. The shield consists of a hard and dry epidermic covering, under which is a bony plate made up of the vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, overlaid and the intervals filled with the ossified skin