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 650 TENNESSEE TENNESSEE RIVER of the Union. Troops were now recruited and armed by the state for the confederate army and to resist invasion from the north. Bat- teries were erected to command the Mississippi from Memphis to the Kentucky line; troops were concentrated in West Tennessee under Gen. Pillow ; and the confederate forces took possession of the three gaps in the mountains of East Tennessee. The invasion of Tennes- see by the federal forces was begun early in 1862 by a combined naval and military expe- dition, which captured Forts Henry and Don- elson in February. (See FORT DONELSON.) Nashville, the headquarters of the confede- rate general A. S. Johnston, was taken a few days afterward, when the state government was removed to Memphis. (See NASHVILLE.) A large portion of the state having now been restored to federal authority, Andrew John- son was appointed military governor by Presi- dent Lincoln, and assumed the duties of the office in Nashville on March 12. In the same month a formidable fleet of gunboats left Cairo, 111., for the purpose of regaining the Mississippi river from confederate control. The advance of this fleet forced the confederates to abandon Island No. 10, Forts Pillow and Randolph, and other strongholds; and on June 6 Memphis was taken by the federal forces after a severe engagement between the gunboats. In November Gen. Rosecrans ad- vanced from Nashville upon Murfreesboro, which was the centre of Gen. Bragg's oper- ations in Tennessee. After a severe engage- ment lasting several days, the place was aban- doned by the confederates, Jan. 4, 1863, and then became the depot of supplies for Gen. Rosecrans's army. The confederates now fell back to Shelbyville, and on the advance of Rosecrans in June retired to Chattanooga, which they abandoned on Sept. 8 upon the ap- proach of Rosecrans. On the 19th and 20th a severe battle was fought about 12m. S. W. of Chattanooga. (See CHICKAMAUGA.) The Union forces were repulsed, but continued to occupy Chattanooga, which however was be- sieged by the confederates. In the latter part of November an advance was made upon the confederate lines by Gen. Grant, which result- ed in the complete rout of the confederates. In this engagement were fought the battles of Lookout mountain and Missionary ridge. (See CHATTANOOGA.) In the mean time Gen. Burn- side had marched into East Tennessee, and he took peaceable possession of Knoxville early in September. In November, 1864, the state was invaded by a confederate force under Gen. Hood. Battles were fought with the federal forces at Franklin and at Nashville, the latter resulting in the complete rout of the confed- erates, under Gen. Hood, and their retreat from the state. (See NASHVILLE.) During 1864 numerous raids were made in different parts of Tennessee by the confederates. On Jan. 9, 1805, a state convention assembled in Nashville and proposed amendments to the constitution, abolishing slavery and prohibit- ing the legislature from recognizing property in man. A schedule was adopted annulling the military league made in 1861 with the Confederate States, also the declaration of in- dependence, the ordinance of secession, and all acts of the confederate state government, and prohibiting the payment of any debts con- tracted by that government. These amend- ments were ratified by the people on Feb. 22. W. G. Brownlow was subsequently chosen governor, and members of the legislature were elected. Each voter at these elections was required to take an oath that he had been and would continue to be loyal to the United States. The legislature met in Nashville early in April, ratified the 13th amendment to the federal constitution, reorganized the state gov- ernment, and elected senators to congress. Among the acts passed was one prescribing the qualifications of voters, which disfranchised those who had not been " publicly known to have entertained unconditional Union senti- ments from the outbreak of the rebellion until the present time." The 14th amendment to the federal constitution was ratified in 1866, and the state was soon after admitted to rep- resentation in congress. The revision of the constitution by a convention sitting at Nash- ville from Jan. 10 to Feb. 22, 1870, was ratified on March 26 by a popular vote of 98,128 to 33,872. See " The Geology of Tennessee," by Dr. J. M. Safford (1869), and "The Resources of Tennessee," prepared under the direction of the state board of agriculture by J. B. Kille- brew (Nashville, 1874). TENNESSEE RIVER, the largest tributary of the Ohio, formed by the union of the*Clinch and Holston rivers, which rise in S. W. Vir- ginia, and unite near Kingston, Roane co., Tenn. At first the course of the Tennessee is S. W. to Chattanooga, near the S. line of the state, where it passes through a part of the Cumberland range of mountains in a series of bends, and again turns S. W., entering the state of Alabama, and at Gunter's Landing, Marshall co., Ala., assumes a direction nearly W. by N. Between Lauderdale and Lawrence counties it spreads in a broad but shallow expansion called Muscle shoals, flowing over flint and limestone rocks in a succession of rapids for 36 m., and affording a large amount of water power. It afterward passes near Tuscumbia and Florence, on opposite sides, and at Chicka- saw on the Mississippi line turns N. W., and forms the boundary thence to the Tennessee line between Alabama and Mississippi. Reen- tering Tennessee, after a circuit of nearly 300 m. in Alabama, it flows almost due N. till it reaches Birmingham, Ky., when it turns W. N. W. and enters the Ohio at Paducah, McCracken co., 50 m. from the mouth of the latter. Its length from Kingston to Paducah is estimated at 800 m., but from the source of its longest affluent, the Holston, it is more than 1,100 m. Its principal tributaries are the Scquatchie,