Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XV.djvu/664

 C34: TEMPERANCE SOCIETIES TEMPLARS character, boldness, and perseverance. In the phlegmatic or lymphatic temperament the flesh is soft, the skin pale and flabby, hair light, pulse weak, and the figure rounded, with little expression of countenance or activity of mind and body. The prominent character of the nervous temperament is a great excitability of the nervous system, and the preponderance of the emotions and impulses over the reason and will ; the muscles are small and soft, and the form generally slender. TEMPERANCE SOCIETIES. See TOTAL AB- STINENCE. TEMPERED GLASS, a peculiar condition of glass which has recently been produced by M. de la Bastie of France, by subjecting it while hot to the action of a bath of prepared oil, in which it is enclosed to prevent ignition. This treatment appears to confer a certain degree of toughness to the exterior, which enables it to bear much harder blows than common glass. When broken, however, it crumbles into dust or small fragments, like Prince Ru- pert's drops, and it cannot like ordinary glass be cut with a diamond into regular forms, but crumbles under the instrument. An attempt to grind it, or to cut it with the sand blast to any depth, produces disintegration. This in- dicates that the molecules are held together under a condition of strain, and an optical examination supports the same conclusion. TEMPLARS, or Knights of the Temple (Lat. milites templi), the most celebrated and powerful of the mediaeval military orders of Christendom. Its origin dates from 1117, when two French knights, Hugues des Pai'ens and Geoffroi de Saint- Ad6mar or Saint-Omer, took on themselves the obligation of escorting the Silgrims who continually journeyed between erusalem and the river Jordan. They were soon joined by seven other knights, and were permitted by the patriarch of Jerusalem to add to the three usual monastic vows a fourth binding them to defend the holy sepulchre and to protect pilgrims travelling through Pales- tine. They were generously befriended and encouraged in the beginning by the knights hospitallers of St. John. They were very poor, being called "the poor soldiers of the holy city;" and the two founders in their first ex- cursions rode on one horse, a fact perpetuated on the great seal of the order. Baldwin II., king of Jerusalem, gave them a lodging in his palace near the traditional site of the temple, and the canons of the adjoining church granted them a house for an armory. Their number was not allowed to increase beyond nine till the council of Troyes, 1127-'8, which Hugues des Paiens and five of his brethren attended, and which commissioned St. Bernard of Clair- vaux to draw up a rule for them, and devise a habit suitable to their mode of life. This rule, approved by Pope Honorius II. in 1128, is divided into 72 articles, several additions hav- ing been made. It bound the knights to be present at the public canonical office, and when absent on military service to recite certain vocal prayers at the stated hours ; they were to ab- stain from flesh meat four days in the week, and to refrain from hunting and hawking; each knight was to have three horses and a squire. Their oath, on making their religious profession, bound them to defend at the peril of their lives the mysteries of the Christian faith, the seven sacraments, the 14 articles of belief, the Apostles' and Athanasian creeds, the Old and New Testaments with the inter- pretations of the fathers as approved by the church, the unity of the divine nature and the trinity of persons, and the virginity of the mother of Christ both before and after his birth ; to perform military service beyond the seas whenever called upon to do so ; and never to fly before three infidels, even when alone. The knights were given a white tunic and mantle to distinguish them from the hospital- lers, the squires and servitors wearing black or the colors common to the country ; and in 1146 they were permitted to wear a red cross on the left breast, the hospitallers wearing a white cross on their black mantles. Their ban- ner was of white linen striped with black, and was thence called beausea?it, the name given at the time to a horse marked with black and white, and leauseant became also the battle cry of the order ; the red cross was added in 1166. Their helmet, in token of humility, had no crest, and their beards were uncut. The members were classed into knights, squires, servitors, and later chaplains, who were priests of noble birth. On assuming the habit of the order all were girt with a cincture of linen thread, as a badge of their service. The order was divided into provinces, the provinces into priories or bailiwicks, and these into precep- tories, composed of a single house or several houses in close proximity. Over the whole order presided the master or grand master, having as his lieutenant the grand seneschal, both of whom, as well as the grand marshal, treasurer, &c., were elected by the knights in general chapter. The provinces were gov- erned by provincial masters, grand priors, or grand preceptors; and the inferior officers were designated respectively as priors or bai- liffs and preceptors. The head province and residence of the grand master was Jerusalem, and its chapter in ordinary times was invest- ed with all the powers belonging to the whole order assembled in general chapter. Pope Alexander III. allowed the order to receive priests as chaplains, without binding them by a military vow. They were ex ojficio sec- retaries to the local chapters, and were often appointed preceptors, but were not eligible to the higher offices. The order came in course of time to be designated as sovereign, the grand master owing no allegiance to any prince, and being solely dependent on the pope in spirit- uals. Their houses were privileged, the ordi- naries having no jurisdiction over them ; their churches and cemeteries were not liable to in-