Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XV.djvu/663

 TELLUS in a metallic state, silver, or lead, so that some have supposed that the substance ought to be considered as telluride of iron or of gold. Many natural alloys have been met with at the mines of Hungary and Transylvania, and from the collection of those presented by the em- peror of Austria to the museum of natural history at Paris, Dufr6noy has arranged the varieties among the following five species: native tellurium, auro-argentiferous tellurium (graphic gold), auro-plumbiferous tellurium (mullerite), plurnbo-auriferous tellurium (nagy- agite), and telluric bismuth (tetradymite). Auro-argentiferous tellurium was recognized at the Gold Hill mines, North Carolina, and native tellurium at Eed Cloud mine, Gold Hill, Boulder co., Colorado, by Dr. Genth ; and tel- luric bismuth is found in many of the gold mines of Virginia and North Carolina, in foli- ated scales and lamellar masses. Gold and sil- ver tellurides occur in masses on the Calaveras range in California. Tellurium forms two oxides, Te0 2, Te0 3 , which correspond in com- position to sulphurous and sulphuric anhy- drides. Tellurous acid, H 2 TeOs, and telluric acid, H 2 TeO 4, are analogous to sulphurous and sulphuric acids. With hydrogen it forms the gaseous compound H a Te, analogous to sul- phuretted hydrogen. TELLUS. See TERRA. TEMES, a S. E. county of Hungary, in the Trans-Tibiscan circle, watered by the Temes and Bega; area, 2,289 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 356,174, mostly Eoumans and Serbs, and about two thirds belonging to the orthodox Greek church. The soil is very fertile, but the cli- mate is unhealthful. The chief products are wheat, maize, hemp, flax, fruit, wine, and cot- ton. Cattle, sheep, pigs, and bees are raised. TEMESVAR, a city of Hungary, capital of the county of Temes, on the Bega canal, connect- ing it with the Danube at Belgrade, 75 m. S. S. W., and 155 m. S. E. of Pesth; pop. in 1870, 32,754, chiefly Germans. It consists of the town proper, which is strongly forti- fied, and four suburbs, including the village of Mehala. It has been much improved by the draining of marshes. It has fine Cath- olic and Greek cathedrals, a magnificent syn- agogue, an arsenal, a theological seminary, a Catholic gymnasium, and a normal school. Leather, cloth, and other articles are manu- factured. The origin of the city is traced to the Romans. The Turks held it, despite a number of sieges, from 1552 to 1716, when it was rescued by the Austrians, under whom it became the capital of the Banat. In 1849 it was besieged for several months by the Hun- garians, who were signally defeated here on Aug. 9 by Haynau. A monument was erect- ed in commemoration of this siege, during which the city suffered severely. TEMISCAMLNGIE, Lake. See OTTAWA, vol. xii. v p. 734. TEMISCOUATA, an E. county of Quebec, Can- ada, bounded N. W. by the St. Lawrence river TEMPERAMENT 633 and S. E. by New Brunswick ; area, 1,771 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 22,491, of whom 21,809 were of French origin or descent. It is wa- tered by the Trois Pistoles and Madawaska rivers and other streams, and contains Lake Temiscouata, 30 m. long and from m. to H m. wide, the source of the Madawaska. It is traversed by the Grand Trunk and Inter- colonial railways. Capital, Isle Verte. TEMPE, a valley of Greece, in the northeast of Thessaly, between Mts. Olympus and Ossa, celebrated in antiquity for its beauty. Poets and rhetoricians often mentioned it as a type of sylvan loveliness, and it was also famed as a haunt of Apollo. It was with laurel from Tempe that the victors in the Pythian games were crowned. The most accurate description of the famous pass is that of Livy. The lofty cliffs rise almost perpendicularly on either side, and the Peneus rushes through the mid- dle of the valley. The defile is about 5 m. in length, and is so narrow in parts as to af- ford space only for the river and the road. Right and left are the ruins of ancient for- tresses, and numerous tumuli are seen. TEMPERAMENT, a term used to express the differences in the physical and mental consti- tutions of individuals, referred from remote antiquity to peculiarities in the quality of the solids and fluids of the body. The ancients believed that the fluids of the body consisted of four humors (corresponding to the four then so-called elements, earth, air, fire, and water), which they named bile, blood, black bile (supposed to come from the spleen), and phlegm or watery fluid (believed to come from the brain); and, if either of these elements was in excess, that it gave rise in the above order to the bilious or choleric, sanguine, melancholic, and phlegmatic temperaments. This view was maintained by physicians to the time of Cullen, who admitted only two tem- peraments, the sanguine and the melancholic. The sanguine temperament is marked by a predominance of the circulatory system, with a strong and frequent pulse, firm flesh, plump figure, smooth and fair skin, ruddy complex- ion, soft and light hair, and light eyes ; there is great nervous susceptibility, ready memory, lively imagination, cheerfulness, and a love for sensual pleasures; its diseases are generally violent and inflammatory. In Cullen's melan- cholic temperament the solids predominate, the figure being less plump and more firm, the hair and eyes black, the skin coarse and dark, the countenance sallow and sad ; the disposi- tion is gloomy and the temper suspicious; the manner is slow, grave, cautious, and impassive. Other temperaments as well characterized as the above are the bilious, lymphatic, and ner- vous. The bilious or choleric temperament is marked by a supposed predominance of the biliary system, with strong hard pulse, yel- lowish brown skin and dark hair, and mod- erately fleshy body; by violent and easily excited passions, firmness and inflexibility of