Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XV.djvu/509

 SURROGATE SURVEYING 489 war with advantage until January, 1546, when he met with a reverse. A panic among his troops caused a failure to intercept a convoy of provisions near St. Etienne, and his rival, the earl of Hertford, afterward the protec- tor Somerset, induced the king to recall him to England. Surrey's comments on this ac- tion offended Henry, who imprisoned him for a short time in the tower. The Hertford fac- tion lost no opportunity to excite the fears of the king, and on Dec. 12, 1546, Surrey with his father was again arrested on a charge of treason, for having quartered the royal arms with his own. Surrey in an eloquent defence proved conclusively his right to assume the royal arms ; yet he was condemned and exe- cuted about a week before the death of the king. His works consist of sonnets, amatory verses, elegies, paraphrases from the Scriptures, and translations of the second and fourth books of the ^Eneid, and afford the first instance of the use of the sonnet and of blank verse in English poetry. The first edition of his son- nets was published by Richard Tottel in 1557. Editions of his works, with those of Sir Thom- as Wyatt, and biographies, have been published by George Frederick Nott, D. D. (2 vols. 4to, 1816-'16; new ed., 1871), Sir Harris Nicolas (1831), Prof. Child (Boston, 1854), and the Rev. R. Gilfillan (Edinburgh, 1856). SURROGATE. See PROBATE. SURRY. I. A S. E. county of Virginia, bounded N. E. by James river and S. W. by Blackwater river ; area, 340 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 5,585, of whom 3,192 were colored. The surface is moderately hilly and the soil fertile. The chief productions in 1870 were 85,995 bushels of Indian corn, 44,666 of peas and beans, 15,773 of Irish and 3,381 of sweet potatoes, and 1,104 Ibs. of wool. There were 452 horses, 724 milch cows, 1,113 other cattle, 1,032 sheep, and 4,073 swine. Capital, Surry Court House. II. A N. W. county of North Carolina, bordering on Virginia, bounded S. by the Yadkin and drained by Ararat and Fisher rivers ; area, about 500 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 11,252, of whom 1,560 were colored. The surface is in part mountainous and gen- erally hilly. Ararat or Pilot mountain in the southeast is the highest peak in this region. The chief productions in 1870 were 26,701 bushels of wheat, 18,029 of rye, 190,171 of Indian corn, 39,321 of oats, 14,707 of Irish and 15,368 of sweet potatoes, 254,286 Ibs. of tobacco, 12,690 of wool, 81,238 of butter, 5,183 of flax, 68,658 of honey, and 9,681 gal- lons of sorghum molasses. There were 1,129 horses, 2,178 milch cows, 3,989 other cattle, 6,414 sheep, and 11,634 swine ; 3 manufac- tories of cotton goods, 5 of chewing tobacco, and 4 flour' mills. Capital, Dobson. SURVEYING (Fr. aurvoir, to overlook), the art of measuring portions of the surface of the earth, either for the purpose of calculating the contents of areas, of laying out tracts of required extent, of establishing roads, or of preparing maps. The ancient science of ge- ometry grew out of the practice of surveying, and now embodies the mathematical princi- ples upon which the work is conducted. This science was cultivated by the Egyptians at a very early period, and many of the old Greek writers ascribe its origin to changes which annually took place from the inundation of the Nile, and to the consequent necessity of adjusting the claims of each person respecting the limits of lands. The progress of the art of surveying to its higher application in deter- mining the figure of the earth has been traced in the article EARTH ; and the operations in trigonometrical surveys upon a grand scale are described under COAST SURVEY. The systems of surveying may be classed according to its special objects ; as land surveying, for deter- mining the contents of areas, or dividing tracts into lots of smaller dimensions ; topographical surveying, which includes the measurement of horizontal lines and angles, and the varia- tions of level, so that the superficial inequali- ties may be graphically represented ; hydro- graphical or maritime surveying, the object of which is the determination of the positions of channels, shoals, rocks, and the shore line ; and mining surveying, for fixing the positions of the underground works in mines, so that these can be correctly mapped. Surveys ex- tending over large territories involve the con- sideration of the curvature of the earth and the use of spherical trigonometry, and are called geodetic in contradistinction from ordi- nary surveying over more limited areas, which may with sufficient accuracy be conducted without reference to the figure of the earth, and which may be termed plane surveying. (See GEODESY.) These systems all involve the same principles of measuring lines and angles between definite points upon the area included in the survey, and reproducing these upon paper, reduced to a convenient scale. Calcu- lating the content of the area is commonly the conclusion of the work of land surveying. Tracts of any shape or size may be accurately surveyed, if tolerably level and clear, with no other instrument than the surveyor's chain (see GUNTER, EDMUND) ; and for this may be substituted a measuring tape, a measured rope, or leather driving reins. This is done by mea- suring all the sides of the tract, and then diag- onals from one corner to another, so selected as to divide the tract into triangles as nearly equilateral as possible. The number of diag- onals will be two less than the number of sides. In using the chain it is to be kept as nearly horizontal as possible, or if the mea- surement is made on a slope the variation from the horizontal is to be determined and > duly allowed. In case the corners are not visible from each other, intermediate points may be adopted and used for the terminations of lines from corners, the object being in every case to divide the tract into triangles of which the sides are all measured. Proof lines measured