Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XV.djvu/499

 SUNDERLAND 70,000 tons. The entrances in 1873 were 8,091 British vessels, tonnage 1,705,925, and 1,257 foreign vessels, tonnage 268,511 ; clearances, 8,140 British vessels, tonnage 1,828,094, and 1,299 foreign vessels, tonnage 296,602. The value of exports was 1,615,190. The chief manufactures consist of earthenware and glass, and all kinds of articles required for fitting out vessels. Window glass and glass bottles are very largely manufactured. SUNDERLAND. I. Robert Spencer, second earl of, an English statesman, born in Paris about 1641, died at Althorp, Sept. 28, 1702. After serving as ambassador to Spain and France, he became in 1679 secretary of state. In 1681 he went out of office, but was recalled in 1682, and exercised a controlling influence during the remainder of the reign of Charles II. Un- der James II. he remained secretary, and was also made president of the council. In 1687 he became a Roman Catholic; but he carried on a secret intrigue with the prince of Or- ange, and in October, 1688, was dismissed by James. On the arrival of the prince of Or- ange, Sunderland went to Rotterdam, where he was thrown into prison, but was released by order of William. He then went to Am- sterdam, turned Protestant again, and after residing about two years at Utrecht returned to England, although excepted in the act of indemnity. On April 19, 1697, William ap- pointed him lord chamberlain and one of the lords justices ; but on Dec. 25 he resigned. II. Charles Spencer, third earl of, an English minister, son of the preceding, born in 1674, died April 19, 1722. Professing republican principles, he entered the house of commons in 1695 as member for Tiverton, and continued in the next three parliaments. In 1705 he was sent to Vienna as envoy extraordinary and plenipotentiary, and in 1707 became secretary of state, but was dismissed in 1710. He was generally regarded as the head of the whig party, and on the accession of George I. he was made lord lieutenant of Ireland, in 1715 lord privy seal, and in April, 1717, secretary of state. The house of commons implicated him in the criminal transactions of the South sea scheme; but he was acquitted by a vote of 233 to 172, though with loss of his office. He spent his remaining days in intrigues to effect the downfall of Walpole. By his mar- riage with the second daughter of the great duke he became progenitor of the present house of Marlborough, their son succeeding as second duke. SUNDEW, the common name of plants of the genus drosera (Gr. 6poaep6g, dewy), which gives its name to the droseracece, a small order of remarkable plants, one of which, the Venus's fly-trap, is described under DIOISLEA. There are about 100 species of drosera, distributed all over the world, except in some of the Pa- cific islands; they are perennials, and either stemless, with a rosette of leaves rising from the rhizome, or have stems with alternate 771 VOL. xv. 31 SUNDEW 479 leaves ; with a few rare exceptions, the leaves bear numerous bristles or hairs, each of which exudes a drop of clear glutinous fluid ; this exudation of the hairs, which glistens like dew drops, is recognized in the common and bo- tanical names. Six species are found within the limits of the United States; they are all stemless, with the leaves circinate in the bud (i. e., rolled up from the apex downward), all in a tuft at the base, from the centre of which rises a naked scape bearing the flowers at the top in a one-sided raceme, the undeveloped apex of which droops, leaving the open flower apparently the highest. The white or rose- colored flowers, which open only in sunshine, have in our species their parts mostly in fives, the calyx and corolla withering and remain- ing in fruit ; the globular ovary has three or five styles, so deeply cleft as to appear like six or ten, and ripening into a one-celled, three- valved capsule containing numerous seeds, with a pitted surface. All are found in bogs or wet sands, some very rare and others wide- ly distributed. The most common is the round - leaved sun- dew (D. rotundifo- lia), which extends from Canada to Flor- ida ; its leaves, 1 to 2 in. long, and spread- ing upon the ground, have an orbicular blade narrowing ab- ruptly into a peti- ole; the scapes, 6 in. or more high, bear white flowers with their parts sometimes in sixes. The long- leaved (D.longifolia), less frequent, but with a similar range, often grows in the water, when its caudex is several inches long; the leaves, more or less erect, have an oblong blade which tapers gradually into the petiole, and are from 1^ to 4 in. long ; scape and flowers similar to the preceding. Both of these spe- cies are also natives of Europe, the first named extending from northern Spain to the arctic regions and throughout Russian Asia. The short-leaved (D. Iremfolia) has wedge-shaped leaves only in. long, and white flowers on a scape 3 in. or more high; this and D. capil- laris, formerly regarded as a long-leaved va- riety of it, are found only from Florida to North Carolina. The slender sundew (D. line- aris) is our most local species, being found along Lake Superior and in a few other localities further west; its narrowly linear leaves are 4 to 6 in. long, the blade barely in. wide; the scape, at first shorter than the leaves, but at length longer, has white flowers. The thread-leaved sundew (D.filifolia) occurs Kound-leayed Sundew (Dro- sera rotundifolia).