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 SULLY SULPHATES 453 Gray's "Manual of Botany" (1856); this was afterward published separately. A second vol- ume of this, his most important work, has ap- peared since his death. Musci Boreali-Ameri- cani, consisting of 350 species and varieties of dried mosses, was the joint work of him- self and his associate L. Lesquereux (1856). He also published " Mosses brought home by Wilkes's Exploring Expedition, 1838-'42 " (with 26 fol. plates, 1859) ; " Mosses and HepaticEe collected mostly in Japan" (with 18 4to plates, 1860); Musci Cubenses (1861); and Icones Muscorum (with 129 plates, 1864). The genus Sullivantia was founded by Torrey and Gray upon a rare plant of the saxifrage family discovered by him. SULLY, a S. central county of Dakota, re- cently formed and not included in the census of 1870 ; area, about 1,300 sq. m. It is bound- ed W. by the Missouri and watered by its afflu- ents. The surface is mostly undulating prai- ries. The Missouri bottom is very productive. SULLY, Maximilien de Bfthnne, baron de Rosny, duke of, a French statesman, born at Rosny, near Mantes, Dec. 13, 1560, died near Chartres, Dec. 22, 1641. He belonged to a noble Prot- estant family, and followed King Henry of Navarre in all his wars, and became his chief adviser. When his master, on the death of Henry III., claimed the throne of France, Ros- ny advised him to turn Catholic in order to reconcile the majority of the nation to his cause. On a secret mission to Queen Eliza- beth of England, he secured her assistance to Henry IV., and he was instrumental as an en- gineer in taking Dreux in 1593, Laon in 1594, La Fere in 1596, and Amiens in 1597. In 1597 he was appointed superintendent of finance, and became in fact the chief minister of Henry IV. He reformed the financial system, and cancelled the public debt, which amounted to 332,000,000 livres, remitting 20,000,000 taxes in arrears, alleviating the annual taxation, and gathering a reserve of 17,000,000, which was deposited in the Bastile. He fostered agricul- ture, made the grain trade free, suppressed tolls and prohibitions, built or improved high- ways and roads, constructed canals, and en- couraged drainage and mining. He had re- ceived the title of marquis of Rosny in 1601, and was created duke of Sully in 1606. At the death of Henry IV. in 1610 the reserve in the Bastile amounted to 42,000,000. Sully remained as chief minister some time longer, but hia severity and rigid principles becoming obnoxious to Maria de' Medici and her advisers, he left the court in 1611, and resigned most of his offices and dignities. Cardinal Richelieu in 1634 made him marshal of France. During his retirement he composed his personal me- moirs, Memoires des sages et royales economies cPEtat de Henry le Grand (4 vols. fol., 1634- '62, several times reprinted; English transla- tion by Mrs. Lennox, 3 vols. 4to, London, 1756 ; new ed., 5 vols. 8vo, 1854-'6). See Eloge his- torique de Sully, by Perrens (Paris, 1871). SULLY, Thomas, an American painter, born at Horncastle, Lincolnshire, England, in June, 1783, died in Philadelphia, Nov. 5, 1872. He was brought to the United States by his pa- rents, who were players, in 1792. In 1803 he settled as a portrait painter in Richmond, Va., removed a few years later to New York, and in 1809 settled in Philadelphia. Among his large works are full-length portraits of George Frederick Cooke as Richard the Third, Dr. Benjamin Rush, Commodore Decatur, Thom- as Jefferson, Lafayette, and Queen Victoria, painted during a visit to England. His well known picture of "Washington crossing the Delaware " is now in the Boston museum. SULPHATES, salts formed by the union of sulphuric acid with bases. The union, strictly speaking, is only partial, as a portion, and in normal salts all, of the hydrogen of the sulphu- ric acid is displaced by the basyle. (See SALTS.) Thus, H 2 SO 4 + 2K = 2H + K 2 S0 4, normal sul- phate of potassium ; or H 2 S0 4 + K = H + KHS0 4, acid sulphate of potassium. The sul- phates are extensively employed in the arts, in medicine, in agriculture, and in the chemical laboratory. 1. Sulphates of Alumina. The normal sulphate, A1 2 3S0 3 + 18H 2 O, is found native in many localities, as on the volcanic island of Milo in the Grecian archipelago, in the craters of volcanoes in the Andes, and at Adelaide in Australia. It is known in miner- alogy as alunogen, hair salt, feather alum, and halotrichite. Its hardness is 1*5 to 2; sp. gr. 1'6 to 1'8; lustre vitreous; color white, or tinged with yellow or red. It is manufactured in large quantities, is known in commerce as concentrated alum, and is used in dyeing instead of common alum. Clay as free as possible from iron is heated to redness, and then ground and mixed with half its weight of sulphuric acid of sp. gr. 1'45, in a reverberatory fur- nace, till the acid begins to volatilize. Af- ter exposure to the air for several days, water is added and the solution freed from what iron it may contain by precipitation with fer- rocyanide of potassium. The solution is then evaporated to a sirup, which solidifies on cool- ing. It is soluble in two parts of water, in- soluble in alcohol. There is a series of double aluminic sulphates, forming true alums, which are treated under the head of ALUM. Not all alums contain aluminum, but they are so named because they are formed on the type of the alum salts. 2. Sulphates of Barium. Some of the sulphates of barium are double salts. The most important is the neutral sul- phate, BaSO 4, or heavy spar, which is found native in large quantities, and when Aground into powder is used to adulterate white lead as a pigment. An amorphous sulphate is made on a large scale for the same purpose, and called permanent white. There is an acid salt, BaH 2 2S0 4, and a basic soda sulphate, Ba- N 2 2SO 4. 3. Sulphates of Calcium and Chro- mium. An anhydrous neutral sulphate of cal- cium, CaS0 4, occurs native as the mineral an-