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 438 SUDERMANIA SUEZ and was made brigadier general in 1819, and soon afterward commander of a division. In May, 1822, he won the victory of Pichincha, which was followed by the capitulation of Quito. In 1823 he led a Colombian army of 8,000 men to Lima, which he found in the hands of the royalists, and retired to Callao, where he was besieged several weeks till the successes of Gen. Santa Cruz compelled the royalists to evacuate Lima. In 1824 he suc- ceeded Bolivar in command of the liberating army, and on Dec. 9 won the crowning vic- tory of Ayacucho. (See AYAOUOHO.) In 1825 Bolivia was created into an independent re- public, and on Aug. 11 the constitutional as- sembly appointed Sucre president. In an in- surrection in 1827 he was attacked and se- verely wounded. In 1828 Gen. Gamarra forced him to quit Bolivia. He went to Colombia, was made commander of the Colombian army of the south, and conducted a successful series of operations, which terminated in the defeat and capitulation of the Peruvians under Gen. La Mar at Tarqui, Feb. 26, 1829. In 1830 he was a member of the constituent congress, and was returning to Quito from a session of that body when he was assassinated. SUDERMANIA. See SODERMANLAND. SUDETIC MOUNTAINS. See GERMANY, vol. vii., p. 744. SUDORIFICS. See DIAPHORETICS. SUE, Marie Joseph Eugene, a French novelist, born in Paris, Dec. 10, 1804, died in Annecy, Aug. 3, 1857. He was an army and navy sur- geon for several years till 1829, when he in- herited a large fortune, and commenced wri- ting maritime novels, of which La Salamandre (1832) attracted most attention. Under the patronage of the government he wrote His- toire de la marine francaise au 17* siecle (5 vols. 8vo, 1835-7), which was a failure. In 1835 appeared Cecile and in 1841 MatMlde, two of his best novels, and in 1842 Le morne au diable and Therese Dunoyer. Lea mysteres de Paris, a work presenting terrible pictures of vice and corruption (10 vols., 1842-'3), and Le Juif errant, a merciless attack upon the Jes- uits (10 vols., 1844-'5), had a prodigious cir- culation, and passed through many editions and translations. His other works include Martin, Venfant trouve (12 vols., 1847); Les sept peches capitaux (16 vols., 1847-'9) ; and Les mystires du peuple, a narrative of the sufferings of a pro- letarian family through ages, which, after being continued serially from 1849 to 1856, was sup- S'essed on account of its alleged immorality, e failed in 1848 as a candidate for the con- stituent assembly, but the socialistic tendencies of his most popular works gave him in 1850 a majority in a metropolitan district, and he was a silent member of the extreme left till the coup d'etat of Dec. 2, 1851, which drove him from France. He afterward lived at Annecy, con- tinuing his remarkable literary activity. SUETONIUS TRANQUILLUS, Cains, a Roman historian, born about A. D. 72, died probably about 140. He was the son of a military tri- bune, and the younger Pliny helped him to be- come magister epistolarum. From this posi- tion he is said to have been removed by Ha- drian about 121 in consequence of an indiscreet familiarity with the empress Sabina, though many historians entirely disbelieve the story, and give other causes for his dismissal. From the list of his works given by Suidas he must have been one of the most voluminous of Ro- man authors. His chief extant work if the Vita XII Casarum, in eight books, which abounds in details and anecdotes of a ques- tionable character ; besides which the treatises De Illustribus Orammaticis and De Claris Rhetoribus, and some brief biographies of Te- rence, Horace, Lucan, Juvenal, Persius, and Pliny the Elder, pass under his name. Fif- teen editions of Suetonius's works had been published previous to 1500, of which the old- est with a date is that of Rome (fol., 1470). Among the best subsequent editions are those of Burmann (2 vols. 4to, Amsterdam, 1736) and 'Baumgarten-Crusius (Leipsic, 1816), re- vised by Hase (2 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1828), and newly edited by Roth (1858). All the frag- ments attributed to Suetonius have been pub- lished, with a critical commentary by Roth (1860). The first English translation was by Philemon Holland (fol., London, 1606), and the latest by Thomson and Forrester (Bonn's "Classical Library," 1855). On the sources from which Suetonius drew his facts, see Cla- son, Tacitus und Sueton (Breslau, 1871). SUEVI, a powerful group of migratory Ger- man tribes, who about the beginning of the Christian era are said by ancient writers to have occupied the larger part of Germany. Caesar describes them as dwelling between the Rhine and the Weser. According to Strabo, they extended across the central parts of mod- ern Germany, between the Rhine and the Oder, and as far S. as the head waters of the Danube. Tacitus seems to designate by the name Suevi the tribes of eastern Germany from the Danube to the shores of the Baltic. In the 2d century the collective appellation dis- appears, the single tribes of the group being designated by their distinctive names. Later, however, other Suevi, an adventurous German people of mixed origin, appear upon the banks of the Neckar, where they gave rise to the modern name Swabia, and also in northern Spain, where they conquered Galicia early in the 5th century. Their Galician realm was destroyed by the Visigoths in 585. SUEZ. I. An isthmus separating the Medi- terranean and Red seas, and connecting the continents of Asia and Africa. From the most northerly part of the gulf of Suez in the Red sea to the gulf of Pelusium or Tineh in the Mediterranean the distance is a little more than 72 m. ; on the line of the Suez canal it is about 100 m. The surface has a general ele- vation of only 5 to 8 ft. above the adjoining seas, but there are several ridges of from 20