Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XV.djvu/451

 SUAREZ and contains several mosques and public build- ings, the principal of which are the governor's house, custom house, and bazaar. The harbor is sheltered from all winds, but is too shallow to admit large vessels. The adjacent country is a level plain. The climate is very hot. Suakin is fast increasing in commercial im- portance, and has a considerable trade in cat- tle, hides, butter, ivory, ostrich feathers, gum arabic, cotton, and coffee, the last from Abys- sinia. More than 150 vessels enter its port yearly. It was formerly subject directly to the Turkish power, but in 1865 was surrendered to the viceroy of Egypt. In 1870 telegraphic communication was established with the Soo- dan, an attempt to effect which in 1865 had resulted in the loss of the engineers and 8,000 camels. There is a direct caravan route from Suakin to Berber, on the Nile, and to Khar- toom, and great numbers of pilgrims pass over it yearly on their way to Mecca. SUAREZ, Francisco, a Spanish theologian, born in Granada, Jan. 5, 1548, died in Lisbon, Sept. 25, 1617. He early entered the order of Jes- uits, and was successively professor at the universities of Alcala, Salamanca, Rome, and Coimbra. His Defensio Fidei, &c. (Coimbra, 1613), was in 1614 ordered by the parliament of Paris to be burned, because it claimed for the pope a coercive power over kings. In the same year and subsequently it was reprinted at Cologne. His complete works appeared at Lyons and Mentz (23 vols. fol., 1630 et seq. ; new eds., Venice, 1740, and Besancon, 1856- '62). Francisco Noel prepared an abridged edi- tion (2 vols. fol., Geneva, 1732 ; republished by J. P. Migne, Paris, 1858). The life of Sua- rez has been written in Latin by Deschamps (Perpignan, 1671), and in German by Werner (Ratisbon, 1861 et seq.). SUBLIMATION, a process of distillation, in which the vapors condense in a solid form. It takes place naturally in volcanic fissures and craters. Deposits thus formed are termed sub- limates. A great variety of mineral substances are subject to vaporize by heat and become solid again on cooling ; and the number of such increases with the increased degree of heat which we can apply. Some vegetable substances also possess the same property, as camphor and benzoin. Sublimation is much employed as a means of separating volatile from fixed bodies, usually for obtaining the former in a purer state. The vapor is some- times chemically changed by contact with the oxygen of the air, and the sublimate is then of a different composition from the original body, as when oxide of zinc is produced by subjecting the metal or its ores to heat ex- posed to the air. SUBLIME PORTE (Fr., lofty or magnificent gate; Turk. ~babi Jiumayun ; Ar. ed-davlet el- aliye), the title officially given to the Ottoman government. Orkhan (1326-'60) erected in his capital Brusa a palace with an imposing en- trance, on which he bestowed the name of SUBSCRIPTION 435 "Sublime Porte," which from that time to the present has been applied to the monarch and government of the Ottomans. This use of the term is partly owing to the oriental cus- tom of transacting public business at the gate or in the antechamber of the palace. SUBPCENA, a judicial process directed to a witness commanding him to appear at the court, to testify what he knows in the case therein described, under a certain penalty (*w5 pcend) mentioned in the process. If the court wishes to examine any books or papers which are in possession of the witness, a clause is inserted bidding him to bring them with him ; and the subpoena is thence called a sulpcena duces tecum. The subpoena ought to be served upon the witness personally, for otherwise he cannot be proceeded against as for a contempt if he neglects to appear. Service may be made by any person, and is proved generally by affi- davit, or, if it be made by a sheriff or his offi- cer, by a simple return or certificate of service. When a witness has been duly summoned, and his fees have been paid or tendered, or pay- ment or tender has been waived, he is guilty of a contempt of court if he fails to appear at the appointed time, and may be proceeded against by attachment, for the double purpose of compelling him to appear and testify, and of vindicating the dignity of the court by the infliction of suitable punishment. The party actually injured by the non-appearance may also have an action for all damages caused by his default. The office of the subpoena at com- mon law is simply to bring into court a wit- ness whose evidence is sought. Chancery, bor- rowing the name of the writ, but giving it a far larger scope, issued it in order to compel a defendant in a cause to appear and answer upon oath the plaintiff's allegations. This pro- cess in chancery answers to a summons in the courts at law, and is the process by means of which the defendant is constructively brought before the court. SUBROGATION. Where one person becomes entitled in law to the position of another as creditor or as the holder of securities, he is said to be subrogated to the rights of the oth- er, and in contemplation of law there is a sub- stitution or subrogation. When a surety pays the debt of his principal, he becomes subro- gated to the rights of the creditor in any se- curities he may have held, with the right to enforce them for his own indemnity. So if one having a lien on property pays off a prior lien for the protection of his own, he becomes entitled to hold it against the interest of those who should have paid ; and so would one ten- ant in common who should discharge a mort- gage upon the whole title. The doctrine rests on principles of equity, and is one of very gen- eral application. SUBSCRIPTION, in law, a contract by which one agrees to contribute with others for a com- mon purpose. The word is sometimes applied to the sum of money subscribed. The contract