Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XV.djvu/406

 STODDARD STOLBERG born in Mattapoisett, Mass., in 1823. Since her marriage in 1852 she has published three novels, " The Morgesons " (1862), " Two Men " (1865), and "Temple House" (1867), all de- scriptive of New England life and scenery, and has assisted her husband in the editing of two or three annuals. STODDAKD, Solomon, an American clergyman, born in Boston in 1643, died in Northampton, Mass., Feb. 11, 1729. He graduated at Har- vard college in 1662, was appointed "fellow of the house," and was the first librarian of the college from 1667 to 1674. In 1669 he became minister at Northampton, and was ordained Sept. 11, 1672. In February, 1727, Jonathan Edwards, his grandson, was elected as his col- league. In 1700 he published " The Doctrine of Instituted Churches," as an answer to the work of Increase Mather entitled " The Order of the Gospel," which occasioned an exciting controversy. He maintained that the Lord's supper is a converting ordinance, and that all baptized persons, not scandalous in life, though consciously unconverted, may lawfully partake of it. He also wrote "A Guide to Christ" (1714) ; " The Safety of appearing in the Day of Judgment in the Righteousness of Christ," which was reprinted at Edinburgh in 1792; and " The Trial of Assurance " (1796). STOICS (Gr. area, porch), or philosophers of the porch, one of the speculative schools of antiquity, so called from the place at Athens (arod rcoiK&rj) in which their founder Zeno gave his instructions (about 300 B. C.). Of their earlier representatives, besides the founder, the most prominent were Ariston of Chios, Clean- thes, Chrysippus, Zeno of Tarsus, Perseus, Herillus of Carthage, Sphserus, Diogenes the Babylonian, Antipater of Tarsus, and Posido- nius and PansBtius of Rhodes (about 130 B. C.); of their later, Seneca (died A. D. 65), Epictetus, Annaeus Cornutus, Persius Flaccus, Musonius Rufus, Arrian, Marcus Aurelius, and many of the most distinguished Roman citi- zens. Originally treating the three depart- ments of logic, physics, and ethics, they are chiefly known as moralists, since they con- nected philosophy intimately with the duties of practical life. In logic, they found the criterion of knowledge in sensuous impres- sions, which furnish the materials fashioned by reason, and combated skepticism by affirm- ing that every representation of an object im- plies the existence of the object itself. In physics, they regarded God and the world as POVIT and its manifestation, matter being a passive ground in vhich dwells the divine energy. Their ethics was a protest against moral indifference, and to live in harmony with nature, conformably to reason and the demands of universal good, and in the utmost indifference to pleasure, pain, and all external good or evil, was their fundamental maxim. (See MORAL PHILOSOPHY, vol. xi., p. 809.) An attempt to revive the stoic philosophy was made by Justus Lipsius (1547-1606), especially in his Manuductio ad Stoicam PhilosopTiiam and Physiologia Stoicorum. See Tiedemann, System der stoischen Moral (1776) ; Dourif, Du Stolcisme et du C hristianisme (Paris, 1863) ; O. Reichel, "The Stoics, Epicureans, and Skep- tics " (translated from Zeller's Philosophic der Griechen, London, 1869); "Weygoldt, Zeno von Gitium und seine Lehre (Jena, 1872); and Wellmann, Die Philosophic des Stoilcers Zenon (Leipsic, 1873). STOKES, a N. county of North Carolina, bor- dering on Virginia, and drained by a branch of the Dan river ; area, 550 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 11,208, of whom 2,608 were colored. The surface is hilly and the soil fertile. Iron ore is abundant. The chief productions in 1870 were 33,450 bushels of wheat, 11,948 of rye, 171,214 of Indian corn, 36,353 of oats, 11,246 of Irish and 9,953 of sweet potatoes, 844,145 Ibs. of tobacco, 6,381 of wool, 46,325 of butter, 37,050 of honey, and 7,421 gallons of sorghum molasses. There were 916 horses, 504 mules and asses, 4,928 cattle, 5,482 sheep, and 12,132 swine. Capital, Danbury. STORES, George Gabriel, a British mathemati- cian, born in Skreen, Ireland, Aug. 13, 1819. He graduated at Cambridge in 1841, and was elected a fellow of Pembroke college. In 1849 he was appointed Lucasian professor of mathe- matics in the university. In 1851 he was chosen fellow of the royal society, and in 1852 contributed to its "Transactions" his cele- brated paper " On the Change of the Refran- gibility of Light," which gained the Rum ford medal. He was elected president of the Brit- ish association in 1869. He has published many papers on questions in pure mathematics and physics, particularly on the theory of light. STORE- UPON -TRE3TT, a parliamentary bo- rough, town, and parish of Staffordshire, Eng- land, on the river Trent, 134 m. N. W. of Lon- don ; pop. of the parish (including Hanley and other towns) in 1871, 89,262; of the parlia- mentary borough, 130,985. The town is the centre of "the Potteries," is well built, with numerous wharves and warehouses, and is in- tersected by the great trunk Trent canal and the North Staffordshire railway. Pottery is the principal manufacture, employing a large proportion of the population, and the place is famous for its china, porcelain, statuettes, and ornamental and encaustic tiles. STOLBERG. I. Friedrich Leopold, count, a Ger- man poet, born at Bramstedt, Holstein, Nov. 7, 1750, died near Osnabruck, Dec. 5, 1819. After the death of his father, the Danish chamberlain Count Christian Gunther, who was the first of his rank to liberate his serfs, his mother imparted a strong religious bias to his education. From 1770 to 1772 he stud- ied at Halle, and subsequently at Gottingen, where he and his brother became prominent members of the Dichterbund. In his travels in 1775 he was with Goethe at Frankfort and other places, and next at Weimar, where he accepted an office at the court ; but Klopstock