Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XV.djvu/396

 STEWART STIEGLITZ STEWART, John, an English traveller, born in London about 1740, died there in 1822. He went to Madras in 1763, in the civil service of the East India company, but at the end of two years resigned his office and began a series of pedestrian tours through Hindostan, Persia, Nubia, and Abyssinia, in the course of which he was at different times in the service of the nawaub of Arcot and of Hyder Ali. He next walked to Europe by the way of the Ara- bian desert; and having perambulated every part of Great Britain, he crossed the Atlantic and visited on foot many parts of the United States. He was commonly called "walking Stewart." His writings were printed in three volumes in 1810, mainly for private distribu- tion. An account of his life and adventures was published after his death (London, 1822). STEWART, Robert Henry, marquis of London- derry. See CASTLEREAGH. STEWART ISLAM). See NEW ZEALAND. STEYER, Steler, or Steyr, a town of Upper Ajistria, between the Steyer and the Enns, at their junction, 19 m. S. E. of Linz; pop. in 1870, 13,392. It is united with its sub- urbs Ennsdorf and Steyerdorf by two bridges. There are extensive manufactures of hard- ware and cutlery in the town and surrounding villages. It was once the capital of a county, and till 1192 belonged to Styria, which from it derived its name (Ger. Steyermarlc). STICKLEBACK, the popular name of the acan- thopterous fishes of the mailed-cheeked family or sclerogenidce, and genus gasterosteus (Linn.). They are also called banstickles, and are the epinoches of the French. Most of the species are found in fresh water, and are from 2 to 3 in. long ; the sides are more or less protected by bony plates, the other parts being without scales; very small and crowded teeth on the jaws, none on the palate ; branchiostegal rays three; tail keeled on both sides; ventrals ab- dominal, reduced to a strong spine, used as a weapon, and one or two soft rays; free spines, from 3 to 15 in front of the dorsal, which is supported by soft rays; bones of the pelvis large, forming an abdominal sternum. They feed on aquatic insects and worms, and the fry of fish; their pugnacity exceeds that of any other fish, and their voracity and fear- lessness make it easy to capture them by the simplest means ; they are very active, and some- times spring entirely out of water. They breed in summer, in nests built by the males, which at this season have the throat carmine red and the eyes brilliant bluish green, the other parts above being ashy green and the abdomen sil- very and translucent. The nest is made of delicate vegetable fibres, matted into an irregu- lar circular mass cemented by mucus from the body, an inch or more in diameter, attached to water plants, with one or two openings near the centre ; when the nest is prepared the fe- male is enticed or driven in, and there deposits her eggs, which are fecundated by the male ; the latter remains constantly on guard, swim- ming in the neighborhood, driving away in- truders with great ferocity, frequently putting in his head to see if all is right, and fanning the water with the pectorals and caudal to secure free circulation and ventilation for the eggs; he is frequently seen shaking up the eggs, and carrying away impurities in the mouth. The young are hatched in two or three weeks, and grow very slowly ; any of the small fry getting outside of the nest are instantly seized in the mouth of the parent and put back. There are about 40 young to a nest. The com- mon European species (#. aculeatus, Linn.; since separated into three by Cuvier) has three spines in front of the dorsal, and is found in almost every pool and rivulet in Great Britain. The G. spinachia (Linn.) has 14 or 15 free spinous rays on the back, and has an elongated head and body ; it is a marine species, found in the northern seas of Europe. The best known of the many species in the United States are the two-spined stickleback (G. biaculeatus, Mitch.), which is found from Labrador to New York, 2 in. long, olive-green above, yellowish Two-spined Stickleback (Gasterosteus biaculeatus). green on sides, with two distant spines on the back and a third near the dorsal ; and the f our- spined stickleback (G. quadracus, Mitch.), of the Massachusetts and New York coasts. Other species have eight to ten spines, and the males in all assume the red tint in the breeding sea- son, both in salt and fresh water. STICKNEY, Sarah. See ELLIS, WILLIAM. STIEGLITZ. I. Christian Ludwig, a German author, born in Leipsic, Dec. 12, 1756, died there, July 17, 1836. He was an architect, held important local offices, and published po- etical and other works, but is chiefly known by his Encyklopadie der Baukumt der Alien (5 vols., Leipsic, !792-'8) and Geschichte der BauTcunst vom fruhesten Alterthum Ms in die neuern Zeiten (Nuremberg, 1827; 2d ed., 1836). II. Heinrich, a German poet, nephew of the preceding, born in Arolsen, Feb. 22, 1803, died in Venice, Aug. 24, 1849. He was librarian and teacher at Berlin from 1828 to 1833, when to cure his melancholy he started on a jour- ney with his wife. The latter in 1834 killed herself in the hope that the sudden shock might restore his mental vigor. Her correspondence and diary were edited by Mundt: Charlotte Stieglitz, ein Denkmal (1835). Her husband subsequently led a wandering life. His works include Bilder des Orients (4 vols., Leipsic, 1831-'3), Stimmen der Zeit in Liedern (1832), and his posthumous SelbstUographie and Erin- nerungen an Charlotte (1865).