Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XV.djvu/381

 STEERING APPAEATUS STEIN 369 is his well known "Representation of Human Life, 1 ' He painted in all about 300 pictures. See J, Steen, Etude sur Part en Hollande, by Van Westrheenen (the Hague, 1856). STEERING APPARATUS, the appliances by which vessels are guided through the water. The earliest method was by a long oar passed out of the stern. An oar is a very efficient means of steering boats, and is still employed on whale boats, rafts, &c. The rudder gov- erns a ship's motion by being turned so that its plane is in a position oblique to the plane >f the masts and keel, and the reaction of the water against it causes the ship to turn, head of the rudder, projecting above the leek, is furnished with a horizontal handle or lever called the tiller, by which the rudder is irned. The term helm is often applied to lis, as also to the rudder and tiller together. .0 keep the rudder in the desired position iinst the force of the waves, on small ves- 3ls a rope is made fast on the weather side >y one end, while the other is held with a turn >und the tiller. A block and tackle are re- mired for larger vessels, replaced upon still sr ones by " the wheel." This is a wheel axle set upon the tiller, the rope of which, making several turns round the axle, is carried >ward each side of the ship, so that the turn- ig of the axle draws the tiller toward that le the rope of which is being wound up. "he handles for working the wheel appear as )okes extending beyond the periphery. On iver steamers, to enable the steersman (in this called a pilot) to guide the vessel from his >wn observation, the wheel is placed within a ructure called the pilot house on the upper leek at the forward end, and connected with the rudder. For this purpose ropes were for- lerly used, but serious disasters having oc- curred from their being burned in case of fire, it is now a law in the United States that chains )r iron rods shall be used. By the use of two irew propellers, one each side the rudder, it was found by Mr, Edwin A. Stevens of Hobo- ken, N. J., that when these are worked in op- >osite directions the vessel may be turned on its centre as a pivot ; he adopted this plan for " " Stevens battery." STEEVENS, George, an English editor, born at Stepney, May 10, 1736, died at Hampstead, Jan. 22, 1800. He was educated at Eton and Cam- bridge. His first publication, a reprint of the whole Number printed in Quarto during iis Lifetime " (4 vols. 8vo, 1766), contained in foot notes a variety of readings from other larto editions. The reputation which he lereby acquired led to his association with Johnson in the preparation of the edition of Shakespeare published in 1773 with their joint names. Their second edition appeared in 1 778, and in 1780 Malone, who had assisted John- son and Steevens, published a supplement con- taining the doubtful plays and the poems. Steevens, associated with Isaac Reed, in the next twelve years prepared two new editions (10 vols. 8vo, 1785, and 15 vols., 1793), in which, " instead of a timid and servile adherence to ancient copies," he undertook the " expulsion of useless and supernumerary syllables, and an occasional supply of such as might fortuitously have been omitted." The text of these edi- tions remained the standard for nearly 50 years. STEFFENS, Heinrich, a German author, born in Stavanger, Norway, May 2, 1773, died in Ber- lin, Feb. 13, 1845. He studied theology and the natural sciences at Copenhagen, and after- ward at Jena became a disciple of Schelling. After returning to Copenhagen he engaged, under the auspices of Werner at Freiberg, in geological labors. He was professor at Halle from 1804 to 1807, and again from 1809 to 1811, and subsequently at Breslau (except du- ring his service in the army in 1814-'15) till 1831, when he was transferred to Berlin. He was associated with the principal philosophers and poets of his day, and also with Schleier- macher, and became known in theology first as a dissenter from and finally as an adherent of the strict doctrines of the old Lutherans. He excelled as a poetical and miscellaneous writer, but his reputation rests on his philo- sophical labors, in which, according to Miche- let, " he most manifestly set forth the totality of the school of Schelling." His works include Recension von Schelling 1 s naturpMlosopMschen Schriften (Jena, 1800); Grundzuge der philo- sopMscJien NaturwissemcJiaft (Berlin, 1806) ; HandbucTi der Orylctognosie (3 vols., Halle, 1811 -'19) ; Caricaturen des Heiligsten (2 vols., Leip- sic, 1819-'21); Anihropologie (2 vols., Breslau, 1822) ; Von der falsclien Theologie und dem wahren Glauben (1824; new ed., 1831); Wie wh wieder LutJieraner wurde und was mir das Lutherthum ist (1831); Novellen (16 vols., 1837-'8); and Was ich erleUe (10 vols., 1840- '45 ; 2d ed., 1844-' 6 ; abridged English trans- lation by W. L. Gage, "The Story of my Career as Student at Freiberg and Jena," Bos- ton, 1863; republished under the title "Ger- man University Life," Philadelphia, 1874). STEIN, Karl, baron. See ALTENSTEIN. STEIN, Heinrieh Friedrich Karl, baron, a Ger- man statesman, born at Nassau, Oct. 26, 1757, died at Frilcht, near Nassau, June 29, 1831. He studied at Gottingen, and rose to distinc- tion in the department of mines in Westphalia. In 1804 he was chief of an economico-com- mercial department in the Prussian ministry of the interior, and abolished restrictions on trade and introduced other reforms. Foresee- ing the calamities of Prussia, he urged in vain the union of all the German states. This made him uncongenial to Frederick William III., who removed him in January, 1807. But he was soon reinstated, and in July placed at the head of the ministry. He reorganized the whole civil service, abolished feudal usages, adopted a new scheme of militia, and opened the way for the Zollverein and the present unity of Germany. Napoleon, after favoring
 * ' Twenty of the Plays of Shakespeare, being