Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XV.djvu/304

 292 SPURGEON and tho neighboring countries, and further south in tho Alps, Pyrenees, and other ranges. It reaches a height of 120 to 150 ft. and a diam- eter of 3 to 5 ft., requiring a century to attain this development; when not crowded, its long stout branches spread out regularly on every side, forming a perfect pyramid; its dark green leaves are larger than in our black and white spruces, rigid and curved, and the con- spicuous terminal cones are 6 or 7 in. long and pendent at maturity. The wood of the Norway spruce is of great value for many uses ; sawn into boards, it forms a large part of the deals used for floors and other inside work, box making, cheap furniture, &c., while the round timber serves for masts, spars, scaffoldings, and framework ; the wood is very durable, es- pecially when the bark is left on ; the bark is used for tanning. The resin of the tree rarely exudes spontaneously, but is obtained by re- moving a strip of bark, an inch or more wide and deep, and 3 ft. long, from the south side of the tree; the following year the groove is found filled with the turpentine, which is scraped off, and the groove enlarged by the removal of a thin strip of bark from each side of it ; the product so obtained is one of the several turpentines called frankincense or thus (see FRANKINCENSE), and when melted in boil- ing water and strained it forms the true Bur- gundy pitch. (See PITCH.) The Norway spruce being so largely raised from seeds, there are numerous deviations or sports from the nor- mal form, of which 20 or 30 are in cultivation ; some vary in foliage, others are dwarfs, while a few are curious monsters; in var. interta the branches are turned directly downward, and in var. monstrosa there is such a strong indisposition to branch, that it will throw up a leader 10 or 15 ft. high and perfectly naked. A. obovata from Siberia, and A. orientalis from the Black sea, are too near the Norway in appearance to be popular. The Himalay- an spruce (A. Smithiana), found high up the Himalaya mountains, and also in China and Japan, ia a remarkably handsome species ; it is not quite hardy at Philadelphia, but valuable further south. SPtRGFXW, Charles Iladdon, an English preach- er, born at Kelvedon, Essex, June 19, 1834. His father and grandfather were preachers in the Independent denomination. At the age of 16 he became an usher at Newmarket, and subsequently at Cambridge. Not long after going to Cambridge he connected himself with a " lay preachers' association" there, and be- fore ho was 18 became pastor of a small Bap- tist congregation at Waterbeach. In 1853 he was called to the New Park street Baptist chapel in South wark, London, to which his preaching attracted such crowds that the con- gregation removed first to Exeter hall, and then to Surrey music hall. In 1861 a new chapel ca- pable of seating between 5,000 and 6,000 was completed for his congregation in Newington Butts. Mr. Spurgeon has received more than SPY 13,000 persons into his church, and has erected 36 chapels in London, supplied with ministers trained in a college of his own founding. His sermons have been printed weekly, and 16 volumes have been published collectively, be- sides a volume entitled u Gems : Brilliant Pas- sages from the Discourses of C. H. Spurgeon " (1859). He has also published " The Saint and his Saviour" (1857); "Gleanings among the Sheaves" (2d ed., 1868); "John Plough- man's Talk, or Plain Advice for Plain Peo- ple," and " Evening by Evening : Readings for the Family and the Closet " (1869) ; "Feathers for Arrows, or Illustrations from my Note Book" (1870); "Types and Em- blems " (1875) ; and " Lectures to my Stu- dents" (1875). Since 1865 he has edited a journal, " The Sword and Trowel." SPtRZHEIM, Johann Caspar, a German phre- nologist, born at Longwich, near Treves, Dec. 31, 1776, died in Boston, Mass., Nov. 10, 1832. In 1795 the French invasion interrupted his studies at the university of Treves, but he con- tinued them at Vienna. Here he became the most eminent pupil of Gall, whom he after- ward aided in the development and popular- ization of his doctrines. In 1805 he joined him in his travels and lectures in various parts of Europe, settled with him in Paris in 1807, and was intimately associated with him till 1813. He then delivered lectures in London, which were attacked by Dr. John Gordon in the "Edinburgh Review." In reply Spurzheiin demonstrated at Edinburgh, before hundreds of Gordon's students, the fibrous character of the brain, which the latter had denied. After residing several years in Paris, he resumed his lectures in Great Britain in 1825, and in 1832 went to Boston, where he delivered several lectures. Besides his share in the most impor- tant publications of Gall, and several works of his own in French, he published " The Physi- ognomical System of Dr. Gall and Spurzheim" (London, 1815); "Outlines of the Physiogno- mical System " (1815) ; " View of the Elementa- ry Principles of Education" (Edinburgh, 1821 ; enlarged ed., London, 1828) ; " Phrenology in connection with the 'Study of Physiognomy " (London, 1826) ; " The Anatomy of the Brain, with a General View of the Nervous System " (1826); "Outlines of Phrenology" (1827); and "Sketch of the Natural Laws of Man" (1828). See "Memoir of the Life and Philos- ophy of Spurzheim," by Andrew Carmichael (Dublin, 1833). SPY, in war, one employed to penetrate the enemy's lines and ascertain his condition and plans. Spies have always been employed in warlike operations, and writers on the laws of war lay down the principles which are to reg- ulate their conduct. Though thus recognized, a stigma is attached to their employment as one to which falsehood and treachery are in- dispensable, and a captured spy is not admitted to the privileges of a prisoner of war, but is put to an ignominious death. The difficulty of