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 290 SPRINGFIELD 1860, 9,320; in 1870, 17,364, of whom 4,456 were foreigners; in 1875, 25,116. It is on a beautiful prairie, 5 m. S. of Sangamon river. Its streets are broad, intersect each other at right angles, and are tastefully adorned w,ith shade trees. From the beauty of the place Lincoln Monument. and its surroundings, it is termed the " Flower City." The capitol, in a square near the cen- tre of the city, is one of the finest buildings of the kind in the country. Other noteworthy buildings are the United States court house and custom house and post office building, the county court house, state arsenal, high school house, and several handsome churches and commodious hotels. A new state house is nearly completed. Two miles N. of the city is Oak Ridge cemetery, a picturesque and well kept burying ground of 72 acres, containing the remains of Lincoln and a monument to his memory which cost $206,550, dedicated on Oct. 15, 1874. Springfield is the point of intersection of the Springfield and Northwest- ern, the Oilman, Clinton, and Springfield, the Ohio and Mississippi, the Chicago, Alton, and St. Louis, and the Toledo, Wabash, and West- ern railroad lines. There are coal mines in the vicinity, and the surrounding country is very productive. The trade is extensive, and the manufactures are important. The principal establishments are flouring mills, founderies and machine shops, rolling mills, breweries, woollen mills, a watch factory, and manufac- tories of woodwork, brooms, cordage, harness and saddlery, carriages and wagons, furniture, washing machines, and sash, doors, and blinds. There are three national banks, a private bank, a savings institution, and an insurance compa- ny. The city is governed by a mayor and 18 SPRUCE aldermen (3 from each ward). It is supplied with water from Sangamon river. It contains three academies and five public schools (one high and four ward schools), the latter having in 1874'5 2,530 pupils enrolled, and an aver- age attendance of 1,876. There are two daily and four weekly (one German) newspapers, a library association, and 22 churches, viz. : 4 Baptist, 1 Christian, 1 Congregational, 2 Epis- copal, 1 Jewish, 3 Lutheran, 4 Methodist, 4 Presbyterian, and 2 Roman Catholic. Spring- field was laid out in 1822, was made the state capital in 1837, and a city in 1840. SPRINGFIELD, a town and the county seat of Greene co., Missouri, on "Wilson creek and the Atlantic and Pacific railroad, 195 m. in direct line S. W. of St. Louis; pop. in 1870, 5,555, of whom 1,090 were colored ; in 1875, about 8,000. It is on a table land 1,500 ft. higher than St. Louis. Its trade and manufactures are important. The principal establishments are four flouring mills, two planing mills, a cotton mill, a woollen mill, a carriage factory, two iron establishments, two wagon factories, and the railroad shops. There are two hotels, two national banks, good public schools, a dai- ly and four weekly newspapers, and 13 church- es. It is the seat of Drury college (Congre- gational), founded in 1873. Springfield was known as an Indian trading post and frontier village as early as 1820. It was incorporated in 1830. Its prosperity dates from the close of the civil war. In the autumn of 1861 and the early part of 1862 it was alternately in the possession of the federal and the confederate forces ; and several fights occurred in the town and its vicinity, in one of which (Aug. 10, 1861) the federal general Nathaniel Lyon was defeated and killed. SPRUCE, the name for coniferous trees of a section of the genus dbies, which includes those with scattered leaves and pen- dent cones, the scales of which are persistent. (See FIR, HEM- LOOK SPRUCE, and PINE.) The needle - shaped leaves are four- sided, and point in every direc- tion ; the cones hang from or near the ends of the branch- es, the scales re- maining attach- ed to the axis; the seed parting freely from the wing, and with- out balsamiferous vesicles ; the anther cells opening lengthwise. The black, or as it is often called double spruce (A. nigra), extends from Maine to Wisconsin and further southward along the higher ranges, and in Canada reach- I Black Spruce (Abies nigra).