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 SPENCER 259 formist." In the last named journal, in 1842, he began the publication of a series of papers on the "Proper Sphere of Government," which were issued in a pamphlet in 1843. From 1848 to 1852 he was a regular writer for the "Economist," and subsequently contributed to various reviews elaborate papers which were pervaded with the idea, since more distinctly developed, known as the doctrine of evolution. He soon became a firm believer that all organ- ized beings have arisen by development. In 1854 he first conceived of evolution as a uni- versal process, and later he came to the con- clusion that it must become the basis of any system of philosophy which represents and conforms to the general method of nature. In 1860 he published a prospectus of such a sys- tem, and immediately entered upon its execu- tion. He had already collected his essays upon the scientific aspects of social questions, and had published various volumes leading up to his system. Most of these were revised and enlarged in subsequent editions to present more fully his new philosophy. The fourth division science of human society from the point of iew of evolution expounded and applied to le general phenomena of life and mind in his flier volumes. In furtherance of this depart- lent of his work, he has for several years em- >loyed the aid of three assistants in collecting id classifying facts pertaining to all types of )ciety, savage tribes, decayed races, and ex- ting civilizations, which, under the title of 'Descriptive Sociology," are intended to form series of folio volumes, of which three have yn. published (1876). The following is a com- pete list of his publications : " Social Statics, >r the Conditions essential to Human Happi- 3ss specified, and the first of them developed" (London, 1850; New York, 1865); "Princi- ples of Psychology " (London, 1855 ; revised ed., 2 vols., London and New York, 1870-'72) ; "Railway Morals and Railway Policy " (Lon- lon, 1855) ; " Essays, Scientific, Political, and "wculative" (London, 1857; 2d series, 1863; American ed., "Illustrations of Universal Pro- gress," New York, 1864); "Essays, Moral, Political, and ^Esthetic" (New York, 1865; new and enlarged ed., 1874); "Education, In- tellectual, Moral, and Physical " (London and New York, 1860) ; " First Principles of a Sys- tem of Philosophy" (London, 1862; New Tork^'1864); " Classification of the Sciences," to which is added " Reasons for dissenting from the Philosophy of M. Comte" (London, 1864; 3d ed., 1871) ; " Principles of Biology " (2 vols., London, 1864; New York, 1866-7); "Spon- taneous Generation, and the Hypothesis of Physiological Units" (New York, 1870) ; "Re- cent Discussions in Science, Philosophy, and Morals," collected from English reviews (New York, 1871 ; 2d ed., with six additional articles, 1873) ; " The Study of Sociology " (London and New York, 1873); "Descriptive Sociology: Facts Classified and Arranged" (3 vols. fol., London and New York, 1873-'4) ; and " The Principles of Sociology," a quarterly serial (London and New York, 1874 et seq.}. In the system of philosophy series, apart from their publication as separate volumes, "First Prin- ciples," "Principles of Biology," and "Prin- ciples of Psychology " have been issued in Lon- don serially in 34 numbers; so that the so- ciological division begins with No. 35 under the title "The Principles of Sociology." Nos. 35-38 were published in London and New York in 1874-'5, and the whole work is ex- pected to consist of 15 or 18 parts. SPENCER, Ichabod Smith, an American clergy- man, born at Rupert, Vt, Feb. 23, 1798, died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Nov. 23, 1854. He grad- uated at Union college in 1822, and was prin- cipal of the grammar school in Schenectady till 1825, and afterward till 1828 of an academy in Canandaigua, N. Y. He was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Geneva in 1826, and in 1828 was settled as colleague pastor of the Congregational church in Northampton, Mass. From 1832 till his death he was pastor of the second Presbyterian church in Brook- lyn; and from 1836 to 1840 extraordinary pro- fessor of Biblical history in Union theological seminary, New York, of which he was one of the founders. His best known publication is his " Pastor's Sketches " (two series, New York, 1850-'53), which has passed through many edi- tions, and been translated into French. Since his death there have been published from his manuscripts " Sermons," with a memoir by J. M. Sherwood (2 vols., New York, 1855); " Sa- cramental Discourses " (1861) ; and "Evidences of Divine Revelation" (Boston, 1865). SPENCER, Jesse Ames, an American clergy- man, born at Hyde Park, Dutchess co., N. Y., June 17, 1816. He graduated at Columbia college in 1837 (from which he received the degree of S. T. D. in 1852), studied theology in the general seminary of the Episcopal church, became rector of St. James's church, Goshen, N. Y., in 1840, and afterward engaged in teach- ing, and travelled in Europe and the East. In 1849 he was appointed professor of Latin and oriental languages in Burlington college, N. J., and from 1851 to 1857 was editor and secre- tary of the Episcopal Sunday school union and church book society. In 1863-'5 he was rector of St. Paul's church, Flatbush, L. I., and in 1869 became professor of Greek in the college of the city of New York. He has published "Discourses" (1843); "The New Testament in Greek, with Notes on the Historical Books " (1847) ; " Caesar's Commentaries," with notes, lexicon, &c. (1848); "Egypt and the Holy Land " (1849) ; " History of the United States " (4 vols. 8vo, 1856-'69); "Greek Praxis" (1870); "The Young Ruler and other Dis- courses" (1871); and "A Course of English Reading" (1873). He has also edited Arch- bishop Trench's poems (1856), and Xenophon's Anabasis from the manuscripts of Prof. A. Crosby (1875).
 * his system, devoted to sociology, deals with