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 SPANDAU SPANHEIM 227 on the phenomena of generation, showing the preexistence of germs to fecundation ; in 1768 he published the result of his investigations on the production and circulation of the blood ; and in 1769 translated Bonnet's Contemplations de la nature. In 1775 he contested, in opposi- tion to Needham, the spontaneous generation of the infusoria, and maintained by a long se- ries of ingenious experiments the production of these animalcules from atmospheric germs. In 1770 he was appointed professor of natural his- tory in the university of Pavia. In order to add to the museum of Pavia, he travelled at differ- ent times through the principal countries of Europe, resided 11 months in Constantinople, about 1785, and on his return lectured to more than 500 students. In later publications he announced remarkable discoveries and theories concerning volcanoes, discussed curious prob- lems in regard to swallows, and suspected the existence of a sixth sense in bats, by which they are guided with precision though deprived of sight. His works are numerous, and many of them have been translated into the princi- pal European languages. SPANDAF, a town of Prussia, in the province of Brandenburg, at the junction of the Spree and the Havel, 7 m. W. of Berlin; pop. in 1871, 19,013. It is a fortress of the third class, and the treasury of the German empire is de- posited in the citadel, and can be unlocked only by two keys simultaneously, one of which is in the custody of the chancellor and the other in that of the president of the committee for the debts of the empire. Spandau has a large central prison, new barracks and military hos- pital, an artillery school for infantry, a royal foundery of artillery, and various manufacto- ries. It is one of the oldest towns -of the Mit- telmark, and was repeatedly the residence of the electors of Brandenburg. It was occupied by the Swedes from 1631 to 1635, surrendered to the French Oct. 25, 1806, and recovered by the Prussians April 26, 1813. SPANGENBERG, Angnst Gottlieb, first bishop of the Moravian church in America, born at Klettenberg, Prussia, July 15, 1704, died at Berthelsdorf, Saxony, Sept. 18, 1792. He graduated at Jena in 1726, began to lecture as a junior professor, and in conjunction with a number of students established free schools in the suburbs of Jena for the children of the poor. In 1731 he was appointed adjunct pro- fessor at Halle, and assistant superintendent of Francke's orphan house. His liberal views in respect to such as were not in connection with the established church, and especially his 'strong love for the Moravians, led to his dis- missal from his offices in 1733. He went to Herrnhut, and was appointed assistant to Count Zinzendorf, in which capacity he visit- ed various parts of the continent. Toward the close of 1734 he went to England, where he entered into successful negotiations with the trustees for Georgia, relative to a Mora- vian settlement in that colony. Fifty acres of land were granted him, and 500 acres were made over to Count Zinzendorf. One of these tracts formed a part of the present site of Sa- vannah, and the other lay on the Ogeechee riv- er. Spangenberg arrived at the former tract with nine immigrants in the spring of 1735, and immediately commenced a settlement, which was the first formed by the Moravians in America. Having spent four years partly in Georgia and partly in Pennsylvania, where he preached among his German countrymen, he returned to Europe. His report upon the state of religion in Pennsylvania induced the church to begin an enterprise in that province, and the town of Bethlehem was founded. In 1741 he visited London, where he was made general deacon of the brotherhood, and found- ed the first organized Moravian society in Eng- land. In 1744 he returned to Germany, and, after being consecrated a bishop, went again to America, in order to superintend the entire work of the Moravians in this country, in which he continued for 18 years, interrupted by oc- casional visits to Europe. He undertook fre- quent journeys to the Indian country, and was adopted into the Oneida nation. Soon after the conquest of Canada, Spangenberg was ap- pointed a member of the college of bishops and elders elected, subsequently to Count Zinzen- dorf 's death, to govern the three provinces and the missions of the Moravian church. He left America in June, 1762, arrived at Herrnhut in November, and immediately entered upon the duties of his new office, and for 30 years was the leading spirit among his colleagues. In 1764 he was appointed supreme inspector in upper Alsace, and in 1789 president of the general directory. Among his principal works are his Leben Zinzendorf' s (3 vols., 1772-'5), and Idea Fidei Fratrum (1779). The latter is the standard of theology among the Mora- vians. It was translated into English by La- trobe in 1784, under the title of "An Expo- sition of Christian Doctrine as taught in the Protestant Church of the United Brethren." SPANGENBERG, Friedrlrh, a German painter, born in Gottingen in 1843, died while ascend- ing Mt. Vesuvius, June 8, 1874. He studied in Munich, and became known by his picture of Genseric, king of the Vandals, leading the empress Eudoxia and her children into captiv- ity after the sack of Rome. In conjunction with the Belgian painter Pauwel he executed at Weimar " The Triumph of the Union," com- memorating the close of the civil war in the United States. While in Rome he painted "A Young Ostrogoth entering into friendly Rela- tions with Citizens of Rome." SPANHEIM, Ezediiel, a Swiss author, born in Geneva, Dec. 7, 1629, died in London, Nov. 7, 1710. He studied at Ley den, was a professor at Geneva, represented the elector palatine in various countries, and subsequently the elector of Brandenburg for many years in Paris, and in the last eight years of his life was Prussian ambassador in London. His works include