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 226 SPALDING SPALLANZANI SPALDIXG, Martin John, an American prelate, born in Marion co., Ky., May 23, 1810, died in Baltimore, Feb. 7, 1872. He graduated at St. Mary's college, Lebanon, in 1826, studied the- ology, and went to Rome in 1830 to complete his course at the college of the propaganda. ' He was ordained priest on Aug. 13, 1834, re- turned to Kentucky, and was appointed pas- tor of the cathedral of Bardstown. In Febru- ary, 1835, he founded the "Catholic Advo- cate," with which he was connected till 1858. He also founded the " Louisville Guardian " in 1854. In 1838 he was elected president of St. Joseph's theological seminary, Bardstown ; in 1840 became pastor of St. Peter's church, Lex- ington, and in 1841 again pastor of the cathe- dral at Bardstown. He was invited to deliver a series of discourses on the Roman Catholic church in the cathedral of Nashville in 1843 ; and he afterward lectured in the chief cities of the United States and Canada. His yearly lectures from 1844 to 1847 were published with the title of " Evidences of Catholicity " (1847; 4th ed., Baltimore, 1866). He was ap- pointed coadjutor bishop of Louisville, Aug. 10, 1848, with the title of bishop of Lengone in partibus infiddium, and was consecrated on Sept. 10. He established a colony of Trappist monks at Gethsemane near Bardstown, and a house of Magdalens in connection with the convent of the Good Shepherd. In 1850 he became bishop of Louisville as successor of Dr. Flaget, whose life he wrote (Louisville, 1852), and built a magnificent cathedral. In May, 1852, he was present at the first plenary council of Baltimore, obtained the erection of the new see of Covington, and urged the es- tablishment of a system of parochial schools in every diocese. He went to Europe in No- vember, 1852, obtained in Belgium Xaverian brothers for the parochial schools of Louis- ville, and from Archbishop Zurysen of Utrecht several priests and a colony of sisters to in- struct the deaf and dumb. Having taken steps for the foundation of an American col- lege at Louvain, he returned to the United States in April, 1853, and was involved in a controversy with George D. Prentice of the Louisville " Journal " at the beginning of the Know-Nothing movement in 1855. He pub- lished his " Miscellania " during this agitation. In the three provincial councils of Cincinnati in 1855, 1858, and 1861, Bishop Spalding bore a leading part, and drew up the collective ad- dress of the bishops at their close. Another controversy with George D. Prentice grew out of a review by Bishop Spalding of Joseph Kay's work on common school education in Europe, the bishop advocating a denomina- tional system of common schools, such as ex- ists in most European states. In his own dio- cese he introduced a system of church gov- ernment calculated to secure the rights of the inferior clergy, and preserve them from arbi- trary rule. In I860 he published "A History of the Protestant Reformation in Germany and Switzerland " (2 vols. 8vo, Louisville ; 4th ed., Baltimore, 1866), enlarged from a review of D'AubignS first published in 1844, and de- livered a course of lectures at the Smithsonian institution on the history and elements of mod- ern civilization. He succeeded Dr. Kenrick as archbishop of Baltimore, May 12, 1864, and took possession of his see on July 81. One of his first cares was to found an industrial school for boys intrusted to the Xaverian brothers, which was opened Sept. 8, 1866. As apostolic delegate, he convened the second na- tional council of Baltimore, Oct. 7, 1866, and had the principal part in preparing the mea- sures submitted to its deliberations, and in drawing up the acts of the council in so com- plete a form as to make the work a standard manual of American canon law (Concilii Ple- narii Baltimorensis II. Acta et Decreta, Balti- more, 1868). To him is mainly due the foun- dation of the " Catholic Publication Society " of New York, and of the monthly periodical called the " Catholic World." He took a con- spicuous part in the council of the Vatican (1869-70). -Together with other bishops of the United States, he wished for an immediate and final doctrinal judgment on the question of pontifical infallibility, but preferred an in- direct and implied definition, consisting in the formal condemnation of every sentiment op- posed to the inerrancy of the supreme teach- ing office of the pope. On Archbishop Spal- ding's arrival in Rome a postulatum in this sense was drawn up by him and signed by the American bishops. Subsequently some of the leading reasons on which the postulatum was grounded were publicly quoted by Bishop Du- panloup as arguments against the opportune- ness of a doctrinal definition. Passages from the late Archbishop Kenrick's theology were also alleged in support of the opposition. This was resisted by Archbishop Spalding in a let- ter to Bishop Dupanlonp (April 4, 1870), in which he vindicated the orthodoxy of his predecessor, and explained the opinions of the American bishops. At the opening of the council he had been appointed a member of the commission of 16 on postulata, and the decided stand taken by the majority of the council in favor of an immediate and formal definition finally induced him and his co-signers to make no further opposition. Archbishop Spalding edited with an introduction and notes Abb6 Darras's " General History of the Catho- lic Church" (4 vols., New York, 1866). SPALDIflG, Solomon. See MORMONS, vol. xi., p. 833. SPALLAtfZANI, Lazaro, an Italian naturalist, born at Scandiano, in the duchy of Modena, Jan. 12, 1729, died Feb. 12, 1799. He studied at Reggio and Bologna, and was chosen in 1754 to fill the chair of logic, metaphysics, and Greek in the university of Reggio. In 1761 ho ac- cepted a professorship at Modena, and began to obtain a wide reputation by his researches in natural science. In 1767 he produced a work