Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XV.djvu/171

 SOMXAUTH SOKE 163 extraordinary intellectual powers, and has had but very ordinary education, becomes languid, listless, and pale; complains of pain in the side, and perhaps of an unpleasant feeling in the frontal region ; after a while, falling asleep in the daytime, she will rise from her chair, and, imagining herself a preacher to a large audience, go through the preliminary exercises of a religious service, and deliver an extempore sermon, the arrangement and language of which far transcend her waking capacity; and this performance may be repeated daily or every other day. In the case we are descri- bing, which in its general features is similar to a considerable number which have occurred in recent times, the subject recovered her health, and the phenomena ceased after two or three years. In some instances they have been fol- lowed by the death of the somnambulist. The development of the double existence is another of the phenomena of morbid somnambulism, not less remarkable than the preceding, and equally well authenticated. The history of the celebrated seeress of Prevorst, by Dr. Kerner, rill be readily recalled ; and in many cases the two states are strongly marked, and the sub- remains in each for some weeks, being ut- rly unconscious while in the one of any event rhich has occurred while in the other. Though ^sembling it in some particulars, these cases not to be confounded with those in a state )f ecstasy (see CATALEPS%), there being none )f the physical insensibility or muscular rigid- ity. The causes and cure of this form of som- ibulism are alike obscure. See Dr. A. J. Kerner, Oeschichte zweier Somnainbulen (Carls- ihe, 1824), and " The Seeress of Prevorst," ranslated into English by Mrs. Catharine >owe (New York, 1845) ; Macnish's " Philos- ophy of Sleep " (1830) ; Abercrombie " On the Intellectual Powers " (1830) ; Deleuze's " Crit- al History of Animal Magnetism " (revised L, New York, 1846) ; Oolquhoun's " Animal tagnetism" (1851); Reichenbach's " Ani- Magnetism;" Dr. Sonderis's "Narrative )f the Religious Excitement in Sweden ;" and r. Gibson's " Year of Grace, an Account of le great Irish Revival in 1859 " (1860). SOMXAUTH, or Somnath Pattan, a walled town British India, in the peninsula of Catty- r, in the political agency of the same name mder the Bombay government, on the N. E. shore of the Arabian sea, 28 m. W. 1ST. W. of Jape Diu, and about 200 m. KW. of Bombay ; >p. about 5,000. Somnauth is celebrated "in mythological legends of ancient Hindos- m, and is now chiefly remarkable as the site )f a magnificent temple dedicated to Siva, rhich formerly attracted many pilgrims, and ras supported, by the revenues of 10,000 vil- It was stormed and robbed of immense treasure by Mahmoud of Ghuzni in 1024, and its gates were carried away as a trophy. They were brought back to India in 1842 by the iglish, on the evacuation of Afghanistan, and leposited in the magazine at Agra. SOMOGY (Ger. ScMmegli), a county of S. W. Hungary, bordering on the counties of Zala, Veszpr6m, Tolna, and Baranya, and on Croatia and Slavonia; area, 2,538 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 289,555. It is mountainous, and is drained in the south by the Drave. Lake Balaton on the northwest is partly within its limits. The pro- ducts include grain, wine, tobacco, and timber. Capital, Kaposvar. SONATA, a form of musical composition con- sisting of several independent movements, each of which is developed in accordance with certain accepted rules. The great body of in- strumental music is based upon the sonata form. When first used, in the latter part of the 16th century, the word simply signified a composition for instruments, and conveyed no idea of any determined form. Gradually composers applied it to a composition for one or two instruments, consisting of three move- ments of contrasted character and time. Philipp Emmanuel Bach contributed greatly to the de- velopment of the sonata. His works of this class consisted of a first movement, allegro, a second, adagio, and a third, rondo, which was more vivacious than the others. Haydn adopted Bach's general plan, though in his 44 sonatas he developed the movements in a broader manner. Mozart and Beethoven com- posed some of their best works in this form ; in their day it was the favorite kind of piano- forte composition. It has also been used by Von AVeber, Schubert, Schumann, and other later composers. Haydn added a fourth move- ment, the minuetto, and this, or its equivalent the scherzo, with the three previously existing movements, constitutes the form upon which all the quartet and quintet music for stringed instruments and the symphony are based. SOXDERSHAUSEN. See SCHWARZBURG - Sox- DERSHATJSEN. SONDRIO, a K province of Italy, in Lombar- dy, bounded N. W. and N. by Switzerland, N. E. by Tyrol, and S. by Brescia, Bergamo, and Como; area, 1,262 sq. m. ; pop. in 1872, 111,- 241. It includes the valleys of the Yaltellina (Val Tellina), 45 m. long, and its continua- tion the former county of Bormio, and the valley of Chiavenna, and forms only one dis- trict. It is surrounded by branches of the Rhsetian Alps, including some of their high- est summits, and the carriage roads over the Spliigen, Bernina, and Stelvio passes, the last the highest of the Alpine roads, run through the province. The province abounds in pic- turesque localities. The principal river is the Adda. Excepting along the marshes near the lake of Como, the country is exceedingly fer- tile in grain and fruit, and especially in wine. The cheese is among the best in Lombardy. Iron and marble abound. The principal towns are Chiavenna, Bormio, and Sondrio, the cap- ital, which has a population of about 5,000, and a fine cathedral. (See VALTELLIXA.) SONE, a river of British India, a southern tributary of the Ganges, rises in the high-