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 SOLEURE SOLOMON BEN ISAAC 157 irregular black bands, and has small scales ; it is found from Nantucket to North Carolina. SOLEURE. See SOLOTHURN. SOLFERINO, a village of Lombardy, in the province and 20 m. S. E. of Brescia. It has a ruined castle, formerly the residence of a prince of Solferiuo ; but it is chiefly remarkable for the great victory won here by the allied French and Sardinian forces over the Austrians on June 24, 1859. The battle lasted 16 hours, and four French corps under Marshals Bara- guay d'Hilliers, MacMahon, Canrobert, and Niel, and led by the emperor Napoleon III., and four divisions of the Sardinian army, commanded by Victor Emanuel in person, rere opposed to an immense Austrian force, under the command of the emperor Francis Joseph. The allies lost about 18,000 killed and wounded ; the Austrians, 20,000, besides 6,000 prisoners and 30 cannon. The battle losed the war, and the peace of Villafranca followed. On June 24, 1870, the bones of the slain on this field were collected in three ossu- aries, which were consecrated in the presence of representatives of France, Italy, and Austria. SOLGER, Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, a German ithor, born in Schwedt, Prussia, Nov. 28, 1780, died in Berlin, Oct. 20, 1819. After [tensive studies and a varied career, he final- became in 1811 professor of philosophy at Jerlin. His works include a translation of Sophocles (1808 ; 2d ed., 1824); Erwin: mer Gesprache uber das Schone und die ICunst (2 1815); Philosophiache Gesprdche (1817) ; 3thumous writings and letters, edited by "ieck and Raumer (2 vols.,.1826) ; and lectures m aesthetics, edited by Heyse (1829). SOLIMAN. See SOLYMAN. SOLINGEN, a town of Rhenish Prussia, near the Wupper, 12 m. S. E. of Dusseldorf ; pop. in 1871, 14,040. It contains a Catholic and two Protestant churches, a synagogue, a supe- ior school, and a chamber of commerce. It has for centuries been celebrated for its man- ufacture of sword blades and other cutlery, and iron and steel ware. There are in and round Solingen more than 2,700 establish- lents, employing about 10,000 persons. SOLIS, Antonio de, a Spanish historian, born Alcala de Henares, July 18, 1610, died in adrid, April 19, 1686. After becoming cele- jrated as a dramatist and poet, he was ap- )ointed official historiographer,- and entered loly orders in 1667. His principal historical rork is Historia de la conquista de Mexico Madrid, 1684; new ed., Paris, 1858; nglish translation by Townsend, 2 vols, Lon- lon, 1724, reprinted in 1738 and 1753). His lost celebrated play, La Gitanilla, or " The 'retty Gypsy Girl," is founded on Montal- van's piece borrowed from the story of Cervantes. A collection of his plays ap- peared at Madrid in 1732. SOLIS, Juan Diaz de, a Spanish navigator, born in the latter half of the 15th century, killed in South America in 1516. In conjunction with Yafiez Pinzon, he discovered Yucatan in 1506. In 1508 they unitedly explored the coast of South America from Cape St. Augustine to lat. 40 S., and took possession of the continent for Spain. Having quarrelled, they returned to Spain in 1509 ; a lawsuit followed, and So- lis was beaten and imprisoned, and Pinzon re- ceived important grants in the island of San Juan. Afterward Solis was released, was paid 34,000 maravedis indemnity, and on the death of Amerigo Vespucci became pilot major. In 1515, with three ships, he explored the coast from Cape San Roque to Rio de Janeiro, en- tered the estuary of La Plata, which he called the Mar Dulce, and ascended the river. He was kindly received by the Indians, but after- ward ambuscaded, killed, and eaten. Accord- ing to some authorities, he discovered the Pla- ta in 1512, and made a second voyage to it. SOLLY, Samnel, an English surgeon, born in 1805, died in London, Sept. 24, 1871. He be- came a member of the London college of sur- geons in 1828, lecturer on practical anatomy and assistant surgeon to St. Thomas's hospital in 1833, and subsequently attending surgeon. He was also for many years lecturer on sur- gery. His principal work is "Anatomy and Pathology of the Brain " (2d ed., 1847), which was for a long time a valuable and standard book. He also published " Surgical Experi- ences" (1865). He was fellow, member of the council, and for two years vice president of the college of surgeons. SOLMIZATION, in singing, the application to the seven notes of the musical scale of the syl- lables ut (or do), re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, to en- able the singer to acquire full command of the vowel sounds. (See Music, vol. xii., p. 76.) SOLOMON. See HEBREWS, vol. viii., p. 586. SOLOMON, Song of. See CANTICLES. SOLOMON, Wisdom of. See WISDOM, BOOK OF. SOLOMON BEN GABIROL (properly perhaps Solomon ben Judah ben Gabirol, and popular- ly Gabirol), a Jewish philosopher and poet, born in Malaga, Spain, about 1020, died in Valencia or Ocafia about 1075. Almost all that is known of his life is that he lived for a time in Saragossa, and was intimate with Samuel Hallevi. As a Hebrew poet he im- mortalized himself by his Kether malkJiuth (" Crown of Royalty "), a didactic hymn on the cosmos, which has been incorporated in the Jewish liturgy. His philosophical works he wrote in Arabic, and only incomplete He- brew translations of them are extant. His " Source of Life," in which he appears as a bold Aristotelian, is cited by Albertus Magnus and other mediasval Christian philosophers, the name of the author appearing in the cor- rupt forms of Avicebron, Avencebrol, &c., de- rived from the Arabic Aben Gebrol. The identity of the names has but recently been established. See Munk, Melanges de philoso- pliiejuwe (Paris, 1857). SOLOMON BEN ISAAC, rabbi, erroneously sur- named YARHT or JARCHI, and generally known