Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XV.djvu/14

 8 SHOOTING STARS wood, and in spring and summer with grass. ThUi great plateau is intersected at intervals by Ion* broad valleys, which contain villages built around wells, surrounded by palm groves, wrdciH and lioKK and varying in population from 500 to 3,000. Dates are exported in large quantities to Yemen and Hedjaz, and cotton is raised to a small extent-lhe sul- tanate of Jebel Shomer originated in the pres- ent century. In 1818 Abdallah, an ambitious chief of the family Kiuhid, was driven out of Hayel by his rival Beyt AH, who assumed the sovereignty. Abdallah took refuge at the court of the Wuhabee monarch, who was then reconstructing his father's dominions, and for bis services to him was made absolute gover- nor of Shoraer, with right of succession, and supplied with the means to establish his rule. Beyt Ali and his family were cut off, and Abdallah made himself master of the whole mountain district. He died about 1845, and was succeeded by his son Telal, who extended his dominions, subdued the Bedouins, invited trade from abroad, and established law and order. Under his rule the country has made rapid advances in civilization and prosperity, and has become virtually independent. SHOOTING STABS. See METEOR. SHORE, Jane, an English woman, the wife of Matthew or William Shore, a goldsmith in London, and mistress of King Edward IV. She was beautiful and amiable, and Sir Thomas More says that the king's favor " she never abused to any man's hurt, but to many a man's comfort and relief." After the death of the king sho became attached to Lord Hastings; and when Richard III. had resolved on the destruction of that nobleman, he accused Jane Shore of witchcraft and of having withered his arm by sorcery. The king, though he sent her to prison and confiscated her goods, did not attempt to maintain his charge of witch- craft ; but the bishop of London caused her to do public penance for impiety and adultery. After the death of Hastings, Thomas Lynom, the king's solicitor, desired to marry her, but was prevented by the king. She lived till the time of Henry VIII., and tradition represents her as dying of hunger in a ditch. A celebra- ted tragedy by Rowe is founded on her story. MiiMitm:, the. oonmty ,,f id:,i,,,, bound- ed 8. by the Clearwater river, and intersected in the north by Clarke's fork of the Columbia and the Kootenay river; area, about 12,000 a. m.; pop. in 1870, 722, of whom 468 were Chinese. It is watered by tributaries of the Olearwater river and by the Spokane river, and contains Coeur d'Alftne and Pend d'Oreille lakes. The surface is mountainous. There is fertile land around the lakes and along the streams. Timber is abundant, and there are ex- tensive placer gold mines. Capital, Pierce City. 8B08BOXE8, or Stakes, a family of North American Indians, embracing the Shoshones proper, the Utea, Comanches, Moquis, Cheme- huevea, Cahuillo, and the Kechi, Kizh, and Ne- SHOSHONES tela of California. The Shoshones proper are a large and widespread people. According to their tradition, they came from the south, and when met by Lewis and Clarke in 1805 they had been driven beyond the Rocky mountains. The various Shoshone bands have gone by numerous names. The most important were the Koolsatikara or Buffalo Eaters, who have long defended their homes on Wind river, and the Tookarika or Mountain Sheep Eaters, a fierce tribe in the Salmon river country and upper Snake river valley. The western Snakes near Fort Boise were separated from the oth- ers by the kindred Bannacks. The Shoshocos (footmen), called also White Knives, from the tine white flint knives they formerly used, were digger tribes on Humboldt river and Goose creek, and included apparently most of those in the basin of Great Salt lake. These bands were generally mild and inoffensive, lurking in the mountains and barren parts, and having little intercourse with the whites. About 1849 they were in open war, and the peace made with some of the bands at Salt Lake, in September 1855, did not end it. In 1862 California volunteers, under Col. Connor, nearly exterminated the Hokandikah or Salt Lake Diggers in a battle on Bear river. Wau- shakee's and other bands of the Koolsatikara Shoshones made peace at Fort Bridger, July 2, 1863; Pokatello's and other bands of the Tookarika at Box Elder, July 30; the Sho- shoco or Tosowitch at Ruby valley, Oct. 1 ; and the Shoshones and Bannacks at Soda Springs, Oct. 14. In 1864 the Yahooskin Snakes made peace, and with the Klamaths and Modocs ceded their lands; and on Aug. 12, 1865, the Wohlpapes also submitted. The government did not promptly carry out these treaties, and many of the bands renewed hos- tilities. In 1867, in the campaign of Gen. Steele, a number of Indians were killed, and immense stores of provisions laid up by the Shoshones were destroyed. Gen. Augur at last allowed them to come in and make peace at Fort Bridger. The government then attempted to collect the whole nation and re- strict the Shoshone bands to certain reserva- tions. The Yahooskin and Wohlpape Snakes had prospered on the Klamath reservation, al- though their crops frequently failed. The Fort Hall reservation in Idaho was begun in 1867 for the Bannacks, and several bands of Sho- shones, about 1,200 in all. The Shoshone res- ervation in Wyoming, set apart under treaty of July 8, 1868, for Waushakee's and other bands of eastern Shoshones and Bannacks, is exposed to attacks from the Sioux, and only about 800 have united there. There are also the north- western Shoshones in Nevada and Utah, esti- mated at from 2,000 to 3,000, and a band of 400 in the N. W. part of Idaho. Vocabularies have been obtained from various bands of the Shoshones, but no critical study of their lan- guage has appeared. The Episcopalians have i a mission on the reservation in Wyoming.