Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XIV.djvu/851

 SHANNON SHANNY yards, machine shops, and dry docks. Many square-rigged vessels lie at the foreign quays, and in front of the Chinese town the river is .thronged with junks lashed close together. The population of the foreign suburbs in 1873 consisted of 62,844 resident Chinese, 5,566 Chinese employed in foreign hongs, 9,957 boat population and vagrants, and 2,000 foreign- ers; total, 80,367. The climate of Shanghai is subject to sudden changes in spring and au- tumn, and pulmonary and rheumatic complaints are common. The day temperature in sum- mer is from 80 to 93, and in winter from 45 to 60. From June to October heavy rains fall. Shanghai has a mint, and manufactures of silk, cotton, vegetable oils and oil cake, iron ware, glass, paper, and ivory goods. It is con- nected by the grand canal and the Yangtse- kiang and other rivers with a large part of the empire, and is visited annually by 5,000 or 6,000 canal and river boats, and by 1,500 or 1,600 coasting junks. Its foreign trade is also very large. The number of entrances in the foreign trade in 1872 was 2,111, tonnage 1,165,- 967 ; 940 vessels were British, 741 American, 135 Chinese, 127 German, and 47 French. The total value of foreign imports was $82,169,- 694; of imports of native goods, $61,549,673. The value of the total exports of native pro- duce was $45,504,851 ; of foreign products re- exported, $50,880,627. The principal exports are tea, silk, cotton, straw braid and hats, mats, wool, skins, oil and oil cake, drugs, porcelain, and fans ; imports, opium, treasure, grain, flour, manufactured goods, and coal. The value of the exports to the United States in 1874 was $15,868,556, of which $13,869,522 was in tea. Shanghai was taken by the British in June, 1842, but was given up in 1843, after the ratification of their treaty with the Chinese, when it became one of the five ports opened to foreign commerce. In September, 1853, it was captured by the Taiping rebels, who soon evacuated it. In 1860-'62 it was again threat- ened by them, but was protected by the Brit- ish and French. Its commerce declined in 1865-'6, but it is again increasing. It is now one of the 14 Chinese treaty ports. SHANNON, a S. E. county of Missouri, inter- sected by Current river; area, about 1,150 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 2,339, nearly all white. The surface is uneven, and partly occupied by pine forests. Mines of copper and iron are worked. The chief productions in 1870 were 7,243 bush- els of wheat, 104,725 of Indian corn, 7,496 of oats, 9,045 Ibs. of tobacco, 3,294 of wool, 25,129 of butter, and 4,812 gallons of sor- ghum molasses. There were 637 horses, 657 milch cows, 1,658 other cattle, 2,549 sheep, and 6,362 swine. Capital, Eminence. SHANNON, the largest river of Ireland, rises at the foot of Mt. Cuilcagh in the N. W. part of the county Cavan, flows S. W. for a few miles to Lough Allen, thence by a circuitous hut generally S. course to Lough Derg, passing through Lough Kee, and thence S. S. W. to Limerick, below which the river, here called the Lower Shannon, flows W. S. W. through a broad estuary to the Atlantic. Its total length is about 250 m. Portions of its course are very picturesque. Its largest affluent is the Suck, which enters it from the west between Loughs Ree and Derg ; others are the Boyle, Fergus, Inny, Brosna, Mulkear, and Maig. The principal towns on its banks besides Lim- erick are Leitrim, Carrick, Athlone, and Killa- loe. The tides in the estuary of the Shannon vary between 14 and 18 ft., and vessels of 400 tons can ascend as far as Limerick ; the navi- gation has been improved throughout the en- tire length at a cost of about 500,000, and parliament in 1874 appropriated 300,000 for its further improvement; and canals connect it with many parts of Ireland. SHANNY, the name of the marine spiny-rayed fishes of the blenny family, and the genus pholis (Flem.). They differ from the blen- nies proper in having the head without crests or tentacles; the body is elongated and com- pressed, with large pectorals, rounded caudal, ventrals under the throat and of two rays, and a single interrupted dorsal all along the back, simple and flexible ; the skin is naked ; mouth small, with large lips and semicircular open- ing; teeth in single series, numerous, small, and pointed ; there is no air bladder ; the stom- ach is thin, without caecal dilatation, and the intestine simple without pancreatic caeca ; ap- erture of oviduct between anus and urinary canal, and a tuft of papilla? around the semi- nal opening. The European shanny (P. lavis, Flem.) is rarely more than 5 in. long; the colors vary much, some being mottled with reddish brown, black, and white, and others uniformly dusky; the head over the eyes is rounded, from these the profile being nearly vertical, and between them a deep groove ; the irides are scarlet, and the cheeks tumid ; the eyes have movements independent of each other. They are abundant on the rocky coasts of England and France, keeping on the bot- tom, and hiding under stones at low tide to guard against voracious fishes and long-billed birds ; the food consists of small mollusks and crustaceans ; they spawn in summer ; they are small, swim in shoals, and are of no value as food to man. The larger specimens have the habit European Shanny (Pliolis Itevis). of creeping out of water, by means of the ven- trals, as the tide recedes, hiding in holes of the rocks, and there remaining until the tide ogam rises- they have been known to live 30 hours