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 SEGOVIA SEGUR 753 The S. E. portion is mountainous, being bor- dered by the Guadarrama chain, and the re- mainder in general level. It is watered by the Eresma and several other tributaries of the Douro. Some fine marbles are quarried, besides large quantities of limestone, chalk, and granite. The climate is generally cold, and the soil is very fertile. The vine and other fruits are extensively cultivated. The moun- tainous region contains important pine forests and rich pastures. The manufactures, once flourishing, are now limited to cloth, glass, paper, and wines and brandies, on a small scale. II. A fortified city, capital of the prov- ince, on the Eresma, 43 m. N. W. of Madrid ; pop. about 12,000. It stands on a rocky ridge, occupies two hills and a valley, and is surrounded by dilapidated walls with round towers and seven gates. The streets are tor- tuous and narrow, lined with lofty and gen- erally antique houses. There are a Gothic cathedral, a handsome mint erected in the 15th century, and five old bridges; but Segovia is chiefly famous for its ancient alcdaar or Moor- ish castle, used as the treasury building down to 1730, and since as a school of artillery; The Alcdzar of Segovia. and for its magnificent aqueduct, attributed to Trajan, with 160 arches in double tiers, three of which are 100 ft. high. The woollen man- ufactures, once employing 30,000 hands, are now comparatively insignificant. Wool is the staple article of export. Segovia was found- ed before the invasion of the Romans, by whom, as well as by the Goths and Arabs, it was embellished. It was occupied by the French from 1808 to 1814. SEtil'IN, Edonard, a French physician, born at Clamecy, department of Nievre, Jan. 20, 1812. He was educated at the colleges of Auxerre and St. Louis in Paris, studied medicine and surgery, and devoted himself to the treatment of idiots. After the revolution of 1848 he settled in Ohio. In 1860 he revisited his na- tive country, and has since lived in New York. Since 1866 he has done much for the study of animal heat by his publications, new instru- ments, and methods of thermography. He represented the United States as commissioner on education at the Vienna exhibition in 1873. His works are : Resume de ce que nous awns fait pendant quatorze mois, with Esquirol (Paris, 1839); Conseils a M. 0. sur T education de son enfant idiot (1839) ; Theorie et pratique de V education des idiots (two parts, 1841-'2) ; Hygiene et education (1843) ; Images graduees a Vusage des enfants arrieres et idiots (1846); Traitement moral, hygiene et education des idiots, et des autres enfants arrieres (1846), the standard authority on the subject; /. B. Pe- reire, analyse raisonnee de sa methode (1847) ; Jacob Bodrigue Pereire, notice sur sa vie et ses travaux (1847); " Origin of the Treatment and Training of Idiots" (Hartford, 1856); " Idiocy, its Diagnosis and Treatment by the Physiological Method" (Albany, 1864); "Idi- ocy and its Treatment by the Physiological Method" (New York, 1866); "New Facts and Remarks concerning Idiocy" (1870); "Pre- 1 scription and Clinic Record "(1870); "Medical Thermometry," with C. A. "Wunderlich (1871) ; "Clinical Charts" (1872); "Thermometry in the Family" (1872); "Manual of Thermome- try for Mothers" (1873); TJiermometres phy- siologiques, &c. (Paris, 1873); Tableaux de thermometrie mathematiques (1873); and part of his report on education at Vienna (1875). (See IDIOCY.) SEGIB. I. Philippe Henri, marquis de, a French soldier, born Jan. 20, 1724, died in Paris, Oct. 8, 1801. He distinguished himself in various battles in l746-'7, was wounded, and lost an arm ; took an active part in the seven years' war, and was finally made prisoner at Closter- camp. In 1763 he was appointed inspector general of infantry, in 1780 minister of war, and in 1783 a marshal. He resigned his office in 1787. During the reign of terror he was imprisoned and lost all his property. Napo- leon gave him in 1800 a pension of 4,000 francs. II. Lonis Philippe, count, a French his- torian, son of the preceding, born in Paris, Dec. 10, 1753, died there, Aug. 27, 1830. ^He served under Rochambeau in America in 1 <82, was appointed ambassador to St. Petersburg in 1784, and was a favorite of Catharine II. He afterward became a brigadier general and am- bassador to Berlin, and in 1812 a member of the senate. Under the first restoration he was