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 SCHRODTER SCHULTE 685 several of Shakespeare's, which he was the first to introduce upon the German stage. His Dramatische Werlce were edited by Billow, with an introduction by Tieck. His life was written by F. L. W. Meyer (2 vols., Hamburg, 1810), and by Brunier (Leipsic, 1864). SCHRODTER, Adolpb, a German painter, born in Schwedt, Prussia, June 28, 1805. He studied copperplate engraving in Berlin seven years, and subsequently resided as a painter at Dussel- dorf and Frankfort. In 1859 he became pro- fessor at the polytechnic school in Carlsruhe. He is distinguished for his humorous pieces, especially his "Wine Tasters" (1832), "Auer- bach's Cellar " (1848), and more recently " Hans Sachs" and "Falstaff and the Page," and for genre pictures of a serious character. SCHUBART, Christian Friedrich Daniel, a German poet, born at Obersontheim, Swabia, March 26, 1739, died in Stuttgart, Oct. 10, 1791. After a dissolute and adventurous life, he was driven from Augsburg, where he had estab- lished the Deutsche Ohronik (1774-'7), for de- riding the clergy, and transferred it to Ulm ; and for publishing there a false report of the death of Maria Theresa he was imprisoned about ten years. Schiller visited him during that period, and the king of Prussia obtained his release in 1787. In Stuttgart, where he became musical director and director of the theatre, he continued his periodical under the title of Vaterlands-Chronik. He wrote Ge- dicJite aus dem Kerlcer (1785), Hymnm auf Friedrich den Orossen (1786), an autobiogra- phy, and a large number of religious songs. His Gesammeltc Schriften und ScMclcsale ap- peared in 8 vols. (Stuttgart, 1839-'40). See Schubartfs Leben in seinen Briefen, by David Friedrich Strauss (2 vols., Berlin, 1849). SCHUBERT, Franz, a German composer, born at Lichtenthal, near Vienna, Jan. 31, 1797, died in Vienna, Nov. 19, 1828. His father was a school teacher, from whom he received his first lessons. Having a fine voice, he was admitted to the academy of the " Konvict," and became a member of the imperial chapel choir, then conducted by Salieri, whose favor- ite pupil he was. "While at school he experi- mented on almost every variety of music, to some of which he gave curiously mournful titles, as "The Parricide" and the "Corpse Fantasia." Leaving the academy in 1813, he assisted his father in teaching for three years, but did not neglect his music, for during 1815 alone he wrote more than 100 songs, six operas and operettas, and some symphonic pieces, be- sides church and chamber music. In 1818 he was engaged by Count Esterhazy to teach his two daughters ; and while living with this fam- ily he composed many of his best quartets and songs. His music was not popular with the Viennese public, and he constantly experienced the mortification of seeing inferior works pre- ferred to his own. In the spring of 1828 he gave his first and only concert. Intense en- thusiasm was awakened, but the encourage- ment that might have proved his salvation some years before came too late, and after a life of disappointment, embittered by failing health, he died at the age of 31. He left an astonishing number of compositions, including nine symphonies, several operas, masses, over- tures, a great deal of chamber and pianoforte music, and about 600 songs. Of all this music but little was published during his life, and he heard but a very small portion of it publicly performed, being known to his contemporaries mostly as a song writer. He raised the Ger- man Lied to a place in musical art which it had not previously occupied. His fame is al- most wholly posthumous, and has constantly gained strength since his death. Biographies of Schubert have been written by Kreissle von Hellborn (Vienna, 1864; English translation by E. Wilberforce, London, 1866) and Reiss- mann (Berlin, 1874). SCHUBERT, Gotthilf Heinricb von, a German mystic, born at Hohenstein, Saxony, April 26, 1780, died at Laufzorn, Upper Bavaria, July 1, 1860. He studied theology at Leipsic and medicine at Jena, practised medicine at Alten- burg, Freiberg, and Dresden, was director of an educational institution in Nuremberg from 1809 to 1816, tutor to the children of the grand duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin till 1819, and professor of the natural sciences at Erlan- gen till 1827, and subsequently at Munich. He was a disciple of Schelling, and published nu- merous works embodying mystical interpre- tations of natural phenomena, and forming a system of objective idealism. Among them are : Ahnungen einer allgetneinen Geschichte des Lelens (3 vols., Leipsic, 1806-'20) ; Ansich- ten von der NacMseite der Naturwissenschaften (1808 ; 4th ed., 1840) ; Symlolilc des Traums (1814; 4th ed., 1862); Geschichte der Seele (1830 ; 2d ed., 1833) ; and Altes und Neues aus dem, Gebiete der innern Seelenkunde (5 vols., 18l7-'44). He also published manuals of nat- ural history, narratives of travel in France, Italy, and the Levant, several volumes of tales and biographies, and an autobiography (3 vols., Erlangen, 1853-'6). SCHULTE, Joliaim Friedrleh, a German theolo- gian, born at Winterberg, Westphalia, April 23, 1827. He graduated at the university of Ber- lin in 1851, and practised law in Berlin, Arns- berg, and Bonn. In 1855 he was appointed professor of canon law in the university of Prague, and in 1863 a member of the Austrian council of instruction. During the Vatican council he declared himself opposed to the declaration of pontifical infallibility ; and after the proclamation of the dogma he took sides with Dr. Dollinger and the Old Catholics. In 1871 he published at Prague a pamphlet en- titled " The Power of the Roman Popes over Princes, Countries, Peoples, and Individuals examined by the light of their Doctrines and Acts since the reign of Gregory VII., to serve for the appreciation of their Infallibility, and set face to face with contradictory doctrines of