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 684 SCHRADER SCHRODER Frankfort, Sept. 21, 1860. His father was a banker, and left him a fortune ; and his mother, Johanna Frosina (1770-1838), was a novelist of merit. He studied at Gottingen and Berlin, and in 1813 maintained at the university of Jena a thesis entitled Ueber die vierfache Wur- zel des Satzes vom zureichenden Grunde, which contained the germs of his future philosophy. In 1814 he spent the winter at Weimar with Goethe, who initiated him into his own studies on colors, and Schopenhauer in 1816 published Ueber Sehen und Farben. From 1814 to 1818 he lived at Dresden, and brought his philo- sophical views into a system, exhibited in Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung (1819 ; English translation by Franz Huffer, London, 1874). (See PHILOSOPHY, vol. xiii., p. 442.) In 1820 he lectured for six months at the university of Berlin, and in 1831 settled at Frankfort. His remaining works are : Ueber den Willen in der Natur (1836); Die Freiheit de menschlichen Willent (1839) and Das Fundament der Moral (1841), which were combined and revised un- der the title Die beulen Grundprobleme der Ethik (I860) ; and Parerga und Paralipome- na (1851), a collection of essays and his most popular work. A complete edition of his works has been published by Julius Frauenstadt (6 vols., Leipsic, 1874), who has also written Schopenhauer, Lichtatrahlen aus seinen Wer- ken, with a biography (3d ed., Leipsic, 1874). See also Philosophic de Schopenhauer, by Th. Ribot (Paris, 1875). SCHRADER, Julius, a German painter, born in Berlin, June 16, 1815. He studied in Dussel- dorf, and in 1844 received the great academi- cal prize in Berlin, which provided him with a three years' pension during his residence in Rome. In 1851 he became professor at the Berlin academy, and member of the academi- cal senate. He excels in painting nude figures, drapery, and costumes. His best known works are : "The Death of Leonardo de Vinci," "The Surrender of Calais," the fresco in the new Berlin museum of the " Consecration of the Church of St. Sophia in Constantinople by the Emperor Justinian," "Charles I. saying Fare- well to his Family," " Esther in the presence of Ahasuerns," " Lady Macbeth walking in Sleep," " Cromwell at his Daughter's Death- bed," and the portraits of Alexander von Humboldt, Cornelius, Ranke, and Moltke. SCUREVELItS, or Sehmel, (unit-lias a Dutch scholar, born in Haarlem in 1615, died in Ley- den, Sept. 11, 1664. He succeeded his father as rector of the college in Leyden in 1642. He published variorum editions of many clas- sical authors, and a Lexicon Manuale Grceco- Latinum et Latino- Grcecum (1654), which, often republished, has been more extensively used than almost any other work of the kind. SCHREYER, Adolph, a German painter, born in Frankfort in 1828. He completed his stud- ies of the horse in Stuttgart, Munich, and Dtts- seldorf, accompanied the Austrian army in 1854 to the Danubian principalities, travelled through Turkey, Hungary, and southern Rus- sia, and in company with Prince Thurn and Taxis through Egypt, Syria, and Algeria ; and he subsequently resided in Paris. His pic- tures of animals, especially of horses, and also those of human beings and of landscapes, are remarkable for vigor and brilliant coloring. Among the most celebrated are an "Artillery Attack at Traktir," " Horses frightened by Wolves," "The Dying Horse," "The Walla- chian Stud," "The Wallachian Extra-Post," and " The Csik6s driving his Horses across the Plain." He has repeatedly received medals at the Paris exhibition. SCHRdCKH, Johann Matthias, a German church historian, born in Vienna, July 26, 1733, died in Wittenberg, Aug. 2, 1808. He was successive- ly professor of philosophy, of poetry, and of history at Wittenberg. His most important works are Christliche Kirchengeschichte (35 vols., Leipsic, 1768-1803; 2d ed. by Tzschirner, vols. i.-xiv., 1772-1825), and Kirchengeschichte seit der Reformation (8 vols., Leipsic, 1804-'9; 2 vols. added by Tzschirner, 1812). SCHRODER. I. Antoinette Sophie, a German actress, born in Paderborn, Feb. 29, 1781, died in Munich, Feb. 25, 1868. She was a daugh- ter of the comedian Burger, and became a celebrated tragedian, excelling as Phaedra, Me- dea, and Lady Macbeth, and successively per- forming at Hamburg, Vienna, and Munich. Her last public appearance was at the Schil- ler centenary in 1859, when she recited the " Song of the Bell." She was separated from her first husband, the actor Stollmers or Smets, soon after their marriage in 1795 ; the singer Friedrich Schroder, who married her in 1804, died in 1818 ; and she did not live long with her third husband, the actor Kunst. See So- phie Schroder, by P. Schmidt (Vienna, 1870). II. Wllhdmlne Sfhrttder-Devrlent, a German sing- er, daughter of the preceding, born in Ham- burg, Dec. 6, 1804, died in Gotha, Jan. 26, 1860. In her childhood she performed as a ballet dancer ; in her 15th year she appeared at Vienna in Racine's Phedre ; and in the fol- lowing year she displayed great genius as a singer, and soon eclipsed all other prima don- nas by her powerful voice and her excellent acting, especially in Fidelia, Euryanthe, Nor- ma, La sonnambula, as Romeo, as Desdemona, and as Valentine in the " Huguenots." In 1828 she was separated from her first husband, Karl August Devrient, and subsequently at Dresden from her second husband, the Saxon officer Doring, after which she married the Livonian nobleman Von Bock. See Wilhel- mine Schroder, by Wolzogen (Leipsic, 1863). SCHR5DER, Frjedrieh Lndwig, a German actor, born in Schwerin, Nov. 3, 1744, died in Ham- burg, Sept. 3, 1816. In his childhood he per- formed in the strolling company of his parents, and before the age of 30 he had became one of the greatest German tragedians. In 1771 he assumed the management of the theatre at Hamburg, and wrote plays, besides translating