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 SCHOOLCRAFT SCHOPENHAUER 683 tion of poor children. They have since for- borne from visiting the sick, and become strict- ly cloistered. Their rules were approved by Pius VII. in 1805. Their first establishment in America was at St. John's, Newfoundland, and the first in the United States was made in New York city, Sept. 8, 1874. 5. The " Sis- ters of Mercy." (See MEEOY, SISTEBS OF.) 6. Tho " Sisters of Charity." (See CHAEITY, SIS- TEES OF.) 7. The "Gray Nuns" or "Sisters of Charity of Montreal," founded there in 1745 by Mme. d'Youville, and trained to take charge of hospitals, asylums, and schools. The 24 houses dependent on Montreal in 1875 num- bered 225 professed nuns and 51 novices, labor- ing in Canada and the United States. The houses dependent on the central establishment in Quebec numbered 107 sisters. 8. The " Sis- ters of St. Joseph." There are several congrega- tions bearing this name. The principal one was founded at Le Puy, France, in 1650, by Abb6 Jean Pierre M6daille, and introduced into the United States by Bishop Kosati of St. Louis in 1836. In 1875 they had establishments in the principal eastern and western states. Besides these, several less numerous congregations have originated in America, which are chiefly de- voted to education. Among them are: the " Sisters of Charity of Nazareth," founded in 1812 in Kentucky, by Bishop David ; the " Sis- ters of Loreto," founded in Kentucky in 1812, by the Rev. Charles Nerinckx, and now having establishments in nearly all the western states ; the colored "Oblate Sisters of Providence," founded at Baltimore in 1825 by the Rev. H. Joubert, approved by Pius VIII. in 1831, and now increasing in numbers in consequence of the mission to the blacks intrusted to the missionary society of St. Joseph, under the guidance of the Oblates of St. Charles (see OBLATES OF ST. CHAELES) ; and the " Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin," founded at Philadelphia by the Rev. T. C. Donaghoe, and removed afterward to Iowa, where they have several establishments. In Canada there are the " Sisters of St. Anne," founded at Vau- dreuil near Montreal in 1848, by the Right Rev. Ignace Bourget, bishop of that city, ap- proved by Pius IX. in 1860, and introduced into Oswego, N. Y., in 1866; they are exclu- sively school sisters. S( IIOOU RAFT, a county of the upper penin- sula of Michigan, bounded N. by Lake Supe- rior and S. E. by Lake Michigan ; area, about 2,300 sq. m. ; pop. in 1874, 1,290. It is drained by the Manistique river and other streams. The surface is rough and broken, and mostly covered with dense forests of pine. Lumbering is the chief occupation. In 1870 there were two blast furnaces and four saw mills in oper- ation. The "Pictured Rocks," a perpendicular wall many miles long and 200 to 300 ft. high, curiously stratified, are in this county, on the S. shore of Lake Superior. Capital, Onota. SCHOOLCRAFT, Henry Rowe, an American au- thor, born in Watervliet (now Guilderland), Albany co., N. Y., March 28, 1793, died in Washington, D. C., Dec. 10, 1864. He studied at Union college, and under Prof. F. Hall of Middlebury college, Vt., learned the art of glass making, made a mineralogical and geological tour in the west in 1817-'18, was geologist of an exploring expedition in the Lake Superior copper region and on the upper Mississippi in 1820, travelled as Indian commissioner in Illi- nois and along the Wabash and Miami rivers in 1821, and in 1822 was Indian agent at Sault Ste. Marie and Michilimackinac. In 1823 he married the granddaughter of an Indian chief. He was a member of the Michigan legislature from 1828 to 1832, and founded the Michigan historical society and the Algic society at De- troit. Before the latter he read two lectures on the Indian languages, for which he received a gold medal from the French institute. In 1832 he conducted the expedition which dis- covered the source of the Mississippi, and in 1836 secured the cession by the Indians of 16,000,000 acres of land to the United States. He was appointed acting superintendent of Indian affairs in 1836, and chief disbursing agent for the northern department in 1839. In 1845 he made a census of the Six Nations of New York for the state legislature, and in 1847 removed to Washington, and engaged under the appointment of the government in the preparation of a work entitled " Historical and Statistical Information respecting the His- tory, Condition, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States " (6 vols. 4to, with 336 plates, Philadelphia, 1851-'7). He also published, in connection with his researches, " A View of the Lead Mines of Missouri " (8vo, New York, 1819); "Travels in the Central Portions of the Mississippi Valley" (1825); "Narrative of an Expedition to Itasca Lake, the actual Source of the Mississippi" (1834; republished, with the account of the expedi- tion of 1820, under the title " Narrative of an Exploratory Expedition to the Sources of the Mississippi River in 1820, completed by the Discovery of its Origin in Itasca Lake in 1832," Philadelphia, 1853); "Algic Research- es" (2 vols. 12mo, New York, 1839; repub- lished under the title " The Myth of Hiawatha and other Oral Legends," 8vo, Philadelphia, 1856); "Oneota, or Characteristics of the Red Race of America" (New York, 1844); "Notes on the Iroquois" (Albany, 1848); "Personal Memoirs of a Residence of Thirty Years with the Indian Tribes" (8vo, Phila- delphia, 1851); and "Scenes and Adventures in the Semi-Alpine Regions of the Ozark Mountains" (Philadelphia, 1853). "The In- dian Fairy Book " has been compiled from his manuscripts by C. Mathews (New York, 1868). SCHOOLS. See COLLEGE, COMMON SCHOOLS, EDUCATION, INFANT SCHOOLS, MILITARY SCHOOLS, NOEMAL SCHOOLS, REFOEMATORIES, and UNIVERSITY. SCHOPENHACER, Arthur, a German philoso- pher, born in Dantzic, Feb. 22, 1788, died in