Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XIV.djvu/705

 SCHOMBEEG lish peerage, and made him master of the ord- nance, while parliament granted him 100,- 000. He was sent to Ireland, and in 1690 took a heroic part in the battle of the Boyne, in which he lost his life. His second son Meinhardt became duke of Leinster, and suc- ceeded his brother Charfes as third duke of Schomberg. He died without male issue in 1719, when all the titles became extinct. SCHOMBERG, Henri de, count, a French sol- dier, born in Paris in 1573 or 1575, died in Bordeaux, Nov. 17, 1632. He was descended from the German Schombergs. After hold- ing various high offices he became in 1619 su- perintendent of finance and grand master of artillery, and assisted in reducing the Protes- tant strongholds in Languedoc and Guienne. From 1621 to 1624 he was omnipotent as prime minister, and excited the jealousy of Richelieu, who had him displaced, but raised to the rank of marshal. He expelled the Eng- lish from the island of Re" in 1627, and distin- guished himself during the siege of La Ro- chelle ; took Pinerolo in 1630, and forced the duke of Savoy to raise the siege of Casale ; in 1632 commanded the army against the insur- gents in Languedoc, on Sept. 1 defeated and captured the duke of Montmorency at Cas- telnaudary, and was made governor of Lan- guedoc. He published Relation de la guerre tfltalie (Paris, 1630). His son CHARLES (1601 -'56) served under him in Italy and Langue- doc, succeeded him as governor of the latter province, defeated the Spaniards at Leucate in 1637, received the rank of marshal, took Perpignan in 1642, and commanded the army which invaded Catalonia in 1648. He ac- quired the title of duke by his first wife, the duchess of Halluyn. His second wife, Marie de Hautefort (1616-'91), was a favorite of Louis XIII., and one of the most celebrated women of her day, best known as mare"chale de Schomberg. SCIIOMBIRCK, Sir Robert Hermann, an Eng- lish traveller, born at Freiburg-on-the-Unstrut, Prussia, June 5, 1804, died at Schoneberg, near Berlin, March 11, 1865. In early life he was for some time partner in a tobacco manu- factory in Virginia. In 1830 he went almost penniless to the West Indies, and explored the little island of Anegada, one of the Virgin group. His valuable reports on the danger- ous coasts procured him in 1834 from the English geographical society and some bota- nists the means of exploring British Guiana, where he spent four years. He published " Description of British Guiana, Geographical and Statistical" (London, 1840); "Views in the Interior of Guiana" (1840); and reports to the geographical society, translated into German by his brother Otto, with a preface by Alexander von Humboldt (Eeisen in Gui- ana und am Orinoco, Leipsic, 1841). The great Victoria regia lily was discovered by him on this journey. From 1841 to 1844 he was at the head of a commission to survey SCHOOL BROTHERS, &c. 681 the frontier between British Guiana and Bra- zil, and to make further geographical and eth- nqlogical investigations. He was joined by his brother Moritz Richard, who published an account of the journey in German (3 vols., 1847-'8). Robert was knighted in 1845, and from 1848 to 1857 he was British consul and charg6 d'affaires to the Dominican republic, and afterward till 1864 consul general at Bang- kok, Siam. Besides the works mentioned, he published "History of Barbadoes" (1847), and " The Discovery of the Empire of Guiana by Sir Walter Raleigh " (1848). S<JIO BKIN, Christian Friedrieh, a German chem- ist, born at Metzingen, Wurtemberg, Oct. 18, 1799, died in Baden-Baden, Aug. 28, 1868. He was early apprenticed to a manufacturer of chemical products, and was conscripted, but was exempted from military service by the king, who assisted him in completing his edu- cation at Tubingen and Erlangen. In 1824-'5 he taught chemistry and physics at Keilhau near Rudolstadt. In 1828 he became profes- sor at the university of Basel. In 1839 he discovered the allotropic condition of oxygen known as ozone (see OZONE), and in 1845 he produced gun cotton. His most noteworthy works are : Das Verhalten des Euens zum Sauerstoff (Basel, 1837) ; Beitrage zur physi- Icalischen Chemie (1844); Ueber die Erzeugung des Ozons (1844); and Ueber die langsame und rasche Verlrenming der Korper in atmospha- rischer Luft (1845). See Christian Friedrieh Schonfiein, by Hagenbach (Basel, 1869). SCHOOL BROTHERS AND SCHOOL SISTERS, the collective name of numerous associations in the Roman Catholic church, devoted to the education of youth. The first of these associa- tions, the Ursulines, arose in 1537 at Brescia, under the direction of the first Jesuits ; the " Sisters of the Congregation of Our Lady " were founded in 1597 by Pierre Fourier; the " Piarists " or " Fathers of the Pious Schools," in the same year; the "Visitation Nuns" in 1610; and the "Brothers of the Christian Schools" in 1679. In 1863 there were in France 58,883 members of sisterhoods em- ployed in teaching, and 3,073 more directing orphan asylums and agricultural or industrial schools, while the total number of school brothers in the same year was upward of 9,000. I. SCHOOL BROTHERS. Under this name we treat solely of those congregations whose members are not priests, the "Fathers of the Pious Schools " being treated under PIAEISTS. The following are the most important school brotherhoods : 1. The " Brethren of the Chris- tian Schools," founded in 1679 by Jean Baptiste de la Salle. (See BRETHREN OF THE CHRIS- TIAN SCHOOLS.) 2. The " Christian Brothers," founded by the Rev. E. Rice at Waterford. Ireland, with their central house and superior general in Dublin, and numerous establishments in Great Britain, Ireland, and the British colo- nies. 3. The " Brothers Marists " or " Chris- tian Brothers of the Society of Mary," founded