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 SCHMIDT (1862). See Schroder and Schwarz, Leopold Schmidts Leben und Denken (Leipsic, 1871). SCHMIDT, Heinrieh Julian, a German author, born in Marienwerder, March 7, 1818. He studied at Konigsberg, and became a teacher and journalist in Berlin. Since 1863 he has devoted himself exclusively to literature. His principal works are : Oeschichte der Romantilc im Zeitalter der Reformation und Revolution (2 vols., Leipsic, 1850) ; Qeschichte der deut- schen Literatur seit Lessing's Tod (5th ed., 3 vols., 1865-'7) ; and Bilder am dem geistigen Leben unserer Zeit (1870-71 ; 2d series, 1873). SCHNAASE, Karl, a German author, born in Dantzic, Sept. 7, 1798, died in Wiesbaden, May 21, 1875. He studied law, and held judicial offices in various localities from 1819 to 1857. In 1858 he established the periodical Das christ- liche Kumtblatt, and edited it with Grtineisen in Stuttgart and Schnorr von Karolsfeld in Dresden. After spending several years in Rome, he settled in 1867 in Wiesbaden. His principal works are : Niederlandische Briefe (Stuttgart, 1834), and Geschichte der lildenden Kunste (7 vols., Dusseldorf, 1843-'64; 2d ed. by Lutzow and Friedrichs, 1866 et seq.). SCHNEIDER, Eugene, a French politician, born in Nancy in April, 1805, died in Paris, Nov. 27, 1875. He and his brother (who died in 1845) became managers of the iron works of Le Creu- zot, and he was elected to the chamber in 1845. In 1851 he was minister of agriculture and com- merce. In 1852 he was returned to the legis- lative body, of which he became vice presi- dent, and after Morny's death (1865) president, being repeatedly reelected. He was also re- gent of the bank of France. SCHNEIDER, Hortense Catherine, a French ac- tress, born in Bordeaux about 1835. She ap- peared on the stage in her 15th year, and was connected with various theatres in Paris for upward of ten years before she became cele- brated in 1864 by her personation of Offen- bach's La ~belle HeUne. She achieved still greater triumphs in La grande duchesse and similar operas. SCHNEIDER, Johann Gottlob, a German philol- ogist, born at Oollmen, Saxony, Jan. 18, 1750, died in Breslau, Jan. 12. 1822. He studied- at Leipsic, and in 1774 assisted Brunk in editing the Greek poets at Strasburg. In 1776 he became professor at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, and in 1811 at Breslau. He published a large critical Greek lexicon (2 vols., 1797-'8; 3d ed., with supplement, 1819-'21), annotated edi- tions of many Greek authors, and also various works on natural history. SCHNETZ, Jean Victor, a French painter, born in Versailles, May 15, 1787, died in Paris, March 15, 1870. He studied under David, Regnault, and Gros, and was director of the French acad- emy in Rome for many years. He executed numerous historical, religious, and genre pic- tures ; the most popular are : " The Gypsy fore- telling the Future of Sixtus V.," " Christ call- ing little Children unto Him," "St. Gene- SCHCELCHER 679 vteve," "Jeremiah," "The Capuchin Physi- cian," "The Monk engaged in Prayer," and a pastoral scene from the vicinity of Rome. SCHNORR VON KAROLSFELD, Julius, a German painter, born in Leipsic, March 26, 1794, died in Dresden, May 24, 1872. He was the son of the painter Veit Hans Schnorr (1764-1841), and studied under his father, in Vienna, and in Italy. In 1817 he went to Florence and Rome, where Overbeck and Cornelius procured or- ders for him for frescoes, and he also executed there many oil paintings of religious subjects. In 1827 he became professor at the academy of Munich, and in 1846 removed as professor to Dresden, where he was also director of the picture galleries. He was the founder of a new school in opposition to the unconven- tional style of Kaulbach, and adhered to the most rigid rules of art. His most celebrated works are the frescoes and paintings of the Ribelungen, and his series of encaustic pictures illustrating the history of Charlemagne, Fred- erick Barbarossa, and Rudolph of Hapsburg, all in the royal palace at Munich ; " Luther at the Diet of Worms," also in Munich; and his designs for the windows in St. Paul's cathe- dral, London. His best known designs for illustrated books are his Bibel in Bildern (Leipsic, 1852-'60), and those prepared in con- junction with Neureuther for the. Nibelvn- genlied. His brother LTJDWIG FERDINAND (1788-1853), chief director of the Belvedere gallery in Vienna, was a good painter of the romantic school, and executed admirable de- signs for Goethe's Faust. SCIHKLCHER, Vietor, a French author, born in Paris, July 21, 1804. He early became known as an advocate of free institutions, visited Mexico, the United States, the West Indies, and the East, and the banks of the Senegal, and published De Vesclavage des noira et de la legislation coloniale (1833); Abolition de Vesclavage (1840); Les colonies francafaea (1842) ; Les colonies etrangeres et Haiti (2 vols., 1843) ; Egypte en 1845 (1846) ; and L'Histoire de tesclatage pendant les deux dernieres annees (2 vols., 1847). In 1848 he was appointed under-secretary of state for the navy, and at once procured the passage of a law for the abolition of slavery in the French colonies (April 27). He represented Guade- loupe in the constituent and legislative assem- bly till the coup d'etat of Dec. 2, 1851, when, after an attempt at armed resistance, he took refuge in London, where he published several works, including a " Life of Handel " in Eng- lish (1857). Despite successive amnesties, he did not return to Paris until after the down- fall of Napoleon III. in 1870. During the siege of Paris he had command of the artil- lery of the national guard. The commune imprisoned him a few days for attempting to reconcile them with the government. At the general election of Feb. 8, 1871, he was re- turned in Paris, Martinique, and French Gui- ana, and took his seat for Martinique.