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 678 SCHLOSSER SCHMID berg, where he remained for more than five years. He then obtained employment in a mercantile house in Amsterdam, and devoted his leisure hours to the acquisition of lan- guages, learning very rapidly, as he relates, to speak and write English, French, Dutch, Span- ish, Italian, and Portuguese, in addition to Latin, which he had learned in his childhood. His learning Russian was the foundation of his fortune. In the beginning of 1846 he was sent as an agent to St. Petersburg, where he estab- lished a business of his own, which within a few years brought him considerable wealth. In 1854 he mastered Swedish and Polish; and in 1856 he learned modern Greek, with the help of two Greek friends, in six weeks, and three months more sufficed him to learn enough of classical Greek to understand the ancient writers. He now devoted two years exclu- sively to the classics, reading the Iliad and Odyssey several times. In 1858-'9 he trav- elled in Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Egypt, and Syria, and learned Arabic. In 1863 he retired from business with the inten- tion of exploring the Troad, but in 1864 he was induced to make a journey around the world, which occupied two years. He then settled in Paris, where he published in 1869 Ithaque, le Peloponntee et Troie (German ed., Leipsic, 1869), giving an account of his travels in 1868 in Corfu, Cephalonia, Ithaca (where he supposed he had discovered genaine re- mains of the home of Ulysses, as seen by Homer), the Peloponnesus, and the plain of Troy, the result of studies of the so-called Cyclopean works of Argolis, and an examina- tion of the topography of the Iliad. In the beginning of 1870 he returned to the Troad, accompanied by his wife, a Greek lady, and spent the seasons of 1871-'8 in excavating the plateau of Hissarlik, which he considers to nave been the site of Troy. (See TBOT.) His book, Trojanische AlUrihumer (1874), a sort of diary of the progress of the excavations, has been translated into several languages ; the English version, edited by Dr. Philip Smith (London, 1875), gives a selection of illustra- tions drawn from the large Atlat Trojanucher Alterthiimer, consisting of 218 photographs of his discoveries, with explanatory text, which Schliemann published soon after. He pro- duced much irritation at Constantinople by failing to send, as promised, half of the ob- jects he discovered at Hissarlik to the imperial Ottoman museum. In 1874 he obtained from the Greek government permission to demolish at his own expense the Venetian tower in the acropolis of Athens, which covers about 1,600 sq. ft. of the Propylrea. But the permission was cancelled, probably on account of his pending suit with the Turkish government, and Schliemann thereupon induced the archae- ological society of Athens to carry on the excavations for him. SCHLOSSER, Friedrieh Christoph, a German his- torian, born at Jever, Oldenburg, Nov. 17, 1776, died in Heidelberg, Sept. 23, 1861. He studied at Gottingen, and from 1817 till his death was professor of history at Heidelberg. His principal works are : Geschichte des 18. Jahrhunderts, continued to the overthrow of Napoleon I. (8 vols., 1823-'46 ; 5th ed., 1864- '6 ; English translation, with notes by D. Da- vison, "History of the Eighteenth Century," 8 vols., London, 1843-'52) ; Weltgeschichte in zusamm.enhangend.er Erzahlung (9 vols., 1817- '24; 2d ed., 1839-'41) ; Universattiistorische Uebersicht der Geschichte der alien Welt und ihrer Cultur (3 vols., 1826-'34) ; and Welt- geschichte fur das deutsche Volk, with the as- sistance of Kriegk (19 vols., 1842-'54; new ed., 18 vols., 1870-'74). SCIILOZER. I. August Lndwig von, a German historian, born at Gaggstedt, Wurtemberg, July 5, 1735, died in Gottingen, Sept. 9, 1809. He studied in Wittenberg and Gottingen, and became a private teacher in Sweden, where he published a work in Swedish on the history of trade and commerce (Stockholm, 1758). In 1759 he returned to Gottingen to study medi- cine, but in 1761 went with the Russian his- toriographer Muller to St. Petersburg, where he became a teacher at the academy, and was professor of history from 1765 to 1767, when he assumed the chair of political sciences at Gottingen. He wrote on northern and uni- versal history, and extensively on politics, and translated Nestor's Russian chronicles to A. D. 980 (5 vols., 1802-'9). II. Kurd von, a Ger- man author, grandson of the preceding, born in Lubeck, Jan. 5, 1822. He was German minister in Mexico from 1869 to 1871, and subsequently in Washington. His works in- clude Geschichte der deutschen Ostseeldnder (3 vols., Berlin, 1850-'53) ; Verfall und Unter- gang der Sanaa (1858); and Friedrieh der Grosse und Katharina II. (1859). SCHMALK1LDEN. See SMALOALD. SCHMID, Leopold, a German theologian, born in Zurich, June 9, 1808, died in Giessen, Dec. 20, 1869. He studied at Tubingen and Munich, became in 1839 professor of theology at Gies- sen, and in 1843 professor of philosophy. In February, 1849, he was nominated to the va- cant see of Mentz, but Bishop Ketteler was sub- stituted in his stead by the pope. In his prin- cipal work, Der Geist des Katholicismus, oder Grundlegung der christlichen Irenik (2 vols., Giessen, 1848-'50), he advocated the return of the Roman Catholics to the doctrines and practices of the primitive church, and urged the adoption of a broader spirit of charity in dealing with Protestant churches. In Ultra- montan oder Icatholisch? (1867), he proposed as an axiom of state policy to refuse to treat the Roman Catholic hierarchy as the representa- tives of a distinct religious community, so long as they would not acknowledge the specific claims of the evangelical religion. lie also attempted to reconcile science and faith in his Grundsatze der Einleitung in die Philoso- phic (1860) and Dai Gesetz der Penonlichkeit