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 674 SCHLEGEL SCHLEIDEN SCHLEGEL. I. August Wilhelm yon, a German scholar, born in Hanover, Sept. 5, 1767, died in Bonn, May 12, 1845. He was a son of the poet tfnd clergyman Johann Adolf Schlegel, and studied at Gottingen, at first theology and afterward philology under Heyne. He had successfully cultivated poetry from his earliest boyhood, which led to his friendship with Korner, and he is said to have been the first to compose German sonnets. After three years' residence at Amsterdam as private tutor, he settled in Jena, where he became professor, and joined his brother Friedrich in writing essays which opened the era of the romantic school of literature. Having separated from his wife, a daughter of Michaelis, he removed in 1802 to Berlin, where he lectured on litera- ture and the fine arts. In 1805 he accompa- nied Mme. de Stael in her travels. In 1808 he delivered at Vienna his celebrated lectures on dramatic art, which reveal his immense admi- ration for Shakespeare. They were published in 3 vols. (Heidelberg, 1809-'!!), and several times translated into English. Visiting Stock- holm in 1812, he became secretary to Berna- dotte, the future king of Sweden. In 1815, after the second occupation of Paris by the allies, he joined Mine, de Stael, and remained with her till her death in 1817. From 1819 to the end of his life he was professor of history at Bonn. His second marriage in 1819, with a daughter of Paulus of Heidelberg, resulted like the first in a separation. His literary activity began at Jena, where he wrote for Schiller's Horen and other periodicals, edited in conjunction with his brother Friedrich the Atlnnnmn, and began his translation of the plays of Shakespeare, of which he rendered 17, the rest being prepared by Dorothea Tieck, under the supervision of her father, and by Count Baudissin. In 1801 he published with his brother Charakteristiken und Kritiken (2 vols.), which was followed by his translations of Calderon's five principal plays (Spanitches Theater, 2 vols., 1803-'9), and of Spanish, Ital- ian, and Portuguese poetry (SlumenttrduMe der italifniHclir.il, gpanischen und portugiesi- schen Poetie, 1804). At the suggestion of Mme. de Stael he published in French in 1807 Comparaison de la Phedre d'Euripide avec cello de Racine, which attracted much atten- tion and aroused much indignation in France. In his PoetUche Werke (2 vols., 1811) are con- tained his best poems, and in his Kritwche Schriften (2 vols., 1828) some of his most pro- found eesthetical disquisitions. He was also remarkable as an oriental scholar, and as the first in Germany to master Sanskrit. His wri- tings are comprised in his Sdmmtliche Werke (12 vols., 184G-'7), (Euvreg ecrites en francais (3 vols., 1846), and Opusrula Latina (1848), the last including his translation of the Rama- yana and other contributions to Sanskrit lit- erature. II. Friedrieh Karl Uilhelm TOD, a Ger- man author, brother of the preceding, born in Hanover, March 10, 1772, died in Dresden, Jan. 12, 1829. He went to Leipsic to qualify him- self for commerce, but soon entered the uni- versity of Gottingen, and completed his studies at Leipsic. In 1800 he established himself as Privatdocent of philosophy in Jena, and sub- sequently lectured also in Paris. Having with his wife, a daughter of Moses Mendelssohn, joined the Catholic church, he went in 1808 to Vienna, and in the following year accom- panied the archduke Charles on the battle field as a secretary, issuing patriotic proclamations against Napoleon. Subsequently he was sec- retary of the Austrian embassy at Frankfort till 1818, when he returned to Vienna and re- sumed his lectures there, and in 1828-'9 lec- tured in Dresden. He shared with his brother and Tieck in the leadership of the romantic school, and was especially remarkable as a critic and thinker of great originality. His principal works are : Gritchen und Rdmer (1797); Geschichte der Poesie der Oriechen und Rdmer (1798); Lucinde (1799), a novel of which only one volume was published on account of its voluptuous character; Alarcos, a tragedy (1802); Ueber die Sprache und Weis- heit der Inder (1808); Vorlesungen uber die neuere Geschichte (1811); Geschichte der alien und nenen Literatur (2 vols., 1816); Philoso- phie der Geschichte (2 vols., 1829); and Phi- losophie der Sprache (1880). His works were collected in 15 vols. (1822-'46). He also pub- lished several works written by his wife. His " Lectures on Modern History," "Philosophy of History," "Philosophy of Life and Phi- losophy of Language," and other works, have been translated into English. SCHLEICHER, August, a German philologist, born in Meiningen, Feb. 19, 1821, died in Jena, Dec. 6, 1868. He studied theology and com- parative philology at Leipsic and Tubingen, and graduated at Bonn as doctor of philoso- phy in 1846. In 1850 he became professor at Prague, and in 1857 at Jena. He ranked next to Bopp in comparative philology, and was dis- tinguished in the Indo-Germanic and particu- larly in the Slavo-Lettic group of languages. His works include Zur vergleichenden Spra- chengeschichte (2 vols., Bonn, 1848-'60, vol. ii. entitled Die Sprachen Europe?*) ; Formenlehre der kirchenslavischen Sprache (1853); Iland- buch der litauischen Sprache (2 vols., Prague, 1856-'f7) ; and Compendium der vergleichen- den Grammatik der indogermanischen Spra- chen (Weimar, 1862; 3d ed., 1871; English translation by II. Bendall, part i., "Phonol- ogy," London, 1874). SCHLEIDEN, Matthias Jakob, a German bota- nist, born in Hamburg, April 5, 1804. He was professor of botany at Jena from 1839 to 1862, and of vegetable chemistry and an- thropology at Dorpat in 1863-'4, subsequently residing at Dresden. His principal works are : Grundzuge der wissenschaftlichen Potanik (2 vols., Leipsic, 1842-'3; 4th ed., 1861; trans- lated into English by Dr. Lankester, London, 1849); Die P flame und ihr Leben (6th ed.,