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 SCHADOW his mercenary crimes. He was stepson to Sulla, whose proscriptions enabled him to add im- mensely to his wealth. In the third Mithri- datic war he served as quaestor under Pompey, and in Judea received a large bribe from Aris- tobulus for deciding in his favor against his brother Hyrcanus, but Pompey reversed his decision. Having made a predatory incursion into Arabia Petraea, he was bought off by Aretas, the king, for 300 talents. In 58 B. C. he was elected curule ffidile, and expended all his wealth to celebrate the games, building a temporary theatre, decorated with 360 columns and 3,000 statues, and large enough to hold 80,000 persons. He was prsetor in 56, and in 65 governed Sardinia, whose inhabitants he plundered to obtain the means for paying his debts and securing the consulship. For this he was brought to trial before a tribunal pre- sided over by Cato ; but though his guilt was undoubted, his defence by Cicero, Hortensius, and other advocates, and his own tears and appeals to the splendor of his sedileship, pro- cured his acquittal. Some time later he was condemned for illegal efforts to obtain office. His residence on the Palatine hill was celebra- ted for its magnificence. His son MAKCUS ^EMILIUS accompanied Sextus Pompey, his half brother, to Asia, and after the loss of his fleet betrayed him to the generals of Antony ; and his grandson MAMEEOUS, called by Seneca the last of the Scauri, a dissolute orator and poet, was in the reign of Tiberius accused of adul- tery with Livia, and committed suicide. SCHADOW. I. Johann Gottfried, a German sculptor, born in Berlin, May 20, 1764, died there, Jan. 26, 1850. He studied the antique in Koine, and going to Berlin in 1788 attract- ed notice by a monument to Count von der Mark, natural son of Frederick William II. He was thenceforth extensively employed on mon- umental works, among which are a colossal statue of General Ziethen at Berlin, equestrian statues of Frederick the Great at Stettin and of Blticher at Rostock, and a statue of Luther at Wittenberg. For the last 28 years of his life he was director of the academy of fine arts in Berlin. He published several works on art. II. Friedrich Wilbelm TOD Sehadow-Godenhaus, a painter, son of the preceding, born in Berlin, Sept. 6, 1789, died in Dilsseldorf, March 19, 1862. He went to Rome when young, cooper- ated with Cornelius and Overbeck in founding a new German school of art, and became a Catholic. He became professor in the Berlin academy of fine arts, succeeded Cornelius in 1826 as director of the Dilsseldorf academy, and was ennobled in 1843. Specimens of his style are: "Mignon" (1828), frequently en- graved; the "Four Evangelists," in the Wer- der church, Berlin; the "Wise and Foolish Virgins," in the museum in Frankfort ; the "Fountain of Life;" and an allegorical series entitled " Paradise," " Purgatory," and " Hell." After the completion of the last named work he became blind, but afterward partially re- SCHAFF 665 covered his sight. During his last illness he dictated a volume of memoirs. SCHAFER, Heinrlch, a German historian, born at Schlitz, Upper Hesse, April 25, 1794, died in Giessen, July 2, 1869. He was professor of history at Giessen from 1833 till his death. His principal works are Geschichte von Portu- gal (5 vols., Hamburg and Gotha, 1836-'54), and Geschichte von Spanien (3 vols., 1831-'67), of which Lembke wrote the first volume. Both works form part of Ukert and Heeren's Ge- schichte der Europaischen Staaten. Among his later writings is Ueber Tieutige Aufgaben der Geschichttchreibung (Giessen, 1864). SCHAFF, Philip, an American scholar, born in Coire, Switzerland, Jan. 1, 1819. He studied at Tubingen and Halle, graduated at Berlin in 1841, travelled as a private tutor, and lec- tured on theology in Berlin in 1842. Being invited to the chair of theology at Mercersburg, Pa., he was ordained at Elberfeld, and came to America in 1844. In 1845 he was tried for heresy and 'acquitted, and afterward continued to teach and write at Mercersburg, in connec- tion successively with Dr. Nevin and Dr. Wolff. In 1854 he lectured in Germany on America, represented the American-German churches at the ecclesiastical diet of Frankfort and the Swiss pastoral conference at Basel, and re- ceived the degree of D. D. from the university of Berlin. In 1863 he was appointed secretary of the sabbath committee of New York, and removed to that city ; and in 1869 he was appointed professor in the Union theological seminary there. From 1867 to 1874 he was acting secretary of the American branch of the evangelical alliance, visiting Europe thrice in the interval; and ia-1872 he became president of the American committee of the company of revisers of the English Bible. In August, 1875, he attended at Bonn a conference of Old Catho- lics, Greeks, and Protestants, held with a view of promoting Christian unity among the church- es there represented. He has published in Ger- man " The Sin against the Holy Ghost" (Halle, 1841) ; " On James and the Brothers of Jesus" (Berlin, 1842) ; " The Principle of Protestan- tism" (German and English, Chnmbersburg, Pa., 1845) ; " History of the Apostolic Church " (Mercersburg, 1851; 2d ed., Leipsic, 1854; translated into English, New York and Edin- burgh, 7853) ; " German Hymn Book, with a Historical Introduction, Critical and Biographi- cal Notes" (Philadelphia and Berlin, 1859); and " Four Lectures on the Civil War in Amer- ica, and Overthrow of Slavery " (delivered and published in Berlin, 1865). His works in Eng- lish are : " What is Church History ? A Vin- dication of the Idea of Historical Develop- ment" (Philadelphia, 1846); "St. Augustine, his Life and Labors" (New York, 1853; Ger- man, Berlin, 1854) ; "Ancient Church History " (3 vols., 1853-'68) ; " America, its Political, So- cial, and Religious Character," translated from his lectures at Berlin in 1854 (1855); "Ger- many, its Universities and Divines " (Philadel-