Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XIV.djvu/688

 664 SCARBOROUGH SCAURUS were worn as charms and buried with mum- mies; the insects themselves have also been found in their coffins. The A. (S.) taeer (Oliv.) is black and about an inch long, and is found in 8. Europe, W. Asia, and N. Africa. The A. (A) ^Egpyliorum (Latr.) is larger and wider, Scarabcens (Ateuchtu ^gyptlorum). green with golden tints, and is found princi- pally in Egypt. They were considered sym- bolic of the world on account of the globular form of the egg balls; of the sun, from the ray-like projections of the head; and of a warrior, from the belief that all were males, whence they were also worn as symbols by the Romans. As typical of the sun, the source of fertility, they were worn by women to ren- der them prolific. SCARBOROUGH, a seaport town of England, in the North riding of Yorkshire, 39 m. N. E. of York; pop. in 1871, 24,259. It is situated on a rocky declivity and along the N. shore of an open bay of the North sea. Its mineral waters are esteemed, and the town ia much frequented in summer for sea bathing. It has two public libraries, several fine churches, a theatre, and a remarkable bridge on piers 75 ft. high, and extending over a chasm 400 ft. wide between the town and the spa. SCARLATINA. See FEVERS, vol. vii., p. 170. SCARLATTI. I. Alrssandro, an Italian com- poser, born in Trapani in 1649, died in Naples, Oct. 24, 1725. He was instructed in music by Carissimi, and the introduction of violin ac- companiments to airs, the ritornel, and the da capo are ascribed to him. He is said to have produced 200 masses, 100 operas, and 8,000 cantatas. II. Donenlco, a composer, son of the preceding, born in Naples in 1683, died in Ma- drid or Naples about 1759. He was chapel- master to the queen of Spain, and produced numerous operas, but is best known by his compositions for the pianoforte, 42 in num- ber, the successful performance of which was long regarded as the greatest test of excellence in a pianist. SCARLET FEVER. See FEVERS, vol. vii., p. 170. SCARPA, Antonio, an Italian anatomist, born at La Motta, a village of Friuli, June 13, 1747, died in Pa via, Oct. 31, 1832. He was educated at Padua, in 1772 became professor of anat- omy in the university of Modena, and in 1783 at Pavia, and in 1814 director of the faculty of medicine. His principal works, in which surgical anatomy was first clearly developed, illustrated with engravings which are among the most exact and elegant of their kind, have been translated into many languages. SCARPANTO (anc. Carpathus), an island of Turkey, in the Mediterranean, 28 m. S. W. of Rhodes, 27 m. long and 6 m. broad ; pop. about 5,000. It consists chiefly of bare mountains, the highest about 4,000 ft. Game, cattle, mar- ble, and iron abound. The coast is generally inaccessible, but there are a number of har- bors for small craft. In antiquity it belonged to the Dorians and subsequently to Rhodes. SCARRON, Pial, a French author, born in Paris in 1610, died in October, 1660. He led a gay and dissolute life in his youth, but the death of his father left him penniless, and disease dis- torted his whole frame. He then applied him- self to literature, and soon acquired such a reputation by his caricatures and humorous sketches as to be styled the " emperor of the burlesque." What he earned by his pen, to- gether with the proceeds of a benefice granted him by his friend Lavardin, bishop of Le Mane, and a pension from the private purse of the queen, enabled him to live at ease, and his house was the favorite resort of wits and noblemen. During the war of the Fronde he was one of the opponents of Mazarin, and wrote the Mazarinade, which cost him his pension. In 1652 he married Francoise d'Au- bigne afterward celebrated as Mme. de Main- tenon. His comedies, among which are Jode- let (1645), Don Japhet (TArmenie (1653), and ISEcolier de Salamanque (1654), were well re- ceived ; but he was indebted for his greatest success to his burlesque of Virgil, Ufineide tratestie. His best work is Le roman comique, which was translated into English by Oliver Goldsmith (2 vols., London, 1775). There have been numerous translations of all his writings, including his letters. The best edition of his complete works is that of Bruzen de la Marti- nire (10 vols. 12mo, Paris, 1787). S( U RIS, Marcos Jtaillns. I. A Roman sena- tor and consul, born in 163 B. C., died between 90 and 88. He studied eloquence, gained dis- tinction in the army, and was elected curule aadile in 123, praetor urbanus in 120, consul in 115, censor in 109, and consul again in 107. During his first consulship he obtained a tri- umph for victories over the Ligurians aud other Alpine tribes, and was made princep* tenatut. He afterward accumulated great wealth by peculation and bribery, for which he escaped punishment by his eloquence and diligent discharge of duty. An embassy to Africa in 112, with Scaurus at its head, to se- cure justice to Adherbal from Jugurtha, having failed, war was declared by Rome, and Scaurus accompanied the army as legate of the consul Bestia. Jugurtha secured peace by bribing the leaders, which raised a great outcry at Rome ; but Scaurus, though one of the most guilty, es- caped by contriving to be appointed one of the quaitorc ordered to investigate the offence. II. Son of the preceding, chiefly celebrated for