Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XIV.djvu/653

 SARATOGA SPRINGS was rejected; and he finally agreed on the 15th to more moderate terms, influenced by the possibility of Clinton's arrival, which after some hesitation Burgoyne signed on the 17th. They provided that the British were to march out with the honors of war, and to be fur- nished a free passage to England under prom- ise of not again serving against the Americans. These terms were not carried out by congress, and most of the captured army, with the ex- ception of Gens. Burgoyne, Riedesel, Phillips, and Hamilton, were retained as prisoners while the war lasted. The Americans obtained by this victory, at a very critical period, an ex- cellent train of brass artillery, consisting of 42 guns of various calibre, 4,647 muskets, and a large supply of ammunition. The prisoners numbered 5,84, and the entire American force at the time of the surrender was 10,817 effec- tive men. A plan has been formed for the erection of a monument on the site of the sur- render (Schuylerville), to be higher than that of Bunker Hill, with niches for bronze statues of the principal actors in the battle. The cost is estimated at $450,000, toward which the state of New York has appropriated $50,000. SARATOGA SPRINGS, a town and village of Saratoga co., New York, on the Adirondack and the Rensselaer and Saratoga railroads, 32 m. N. by "W. of Albany ; pop. of the town in 1870, 8,537; of the village, 7,516; in 1875, 10,765. The mineral springs, which have given this place its celebrity, and its large elms, are almost the only natural attractions. Saratoga lake, 6 m. long by 2 m. wide, fed by Kayade- rosseras creek and connected with the Hudson by Fish creek, is 3 m. E. of the village. On the S. E. shore is a valuable white sulphur spring. There are in all at Saratoga 28 springs (including 6 spouting), some chalybeate, others impregnated with iodine, sulphur, and magne- sia, and all powerfully charged with carbonic acid gas. The most celebrated are the Con- gress, Empire, Hathorn, High Rock, Washing- ton, Geyser (spouting), and Pavilion springs. High Rock spring, composed of calcareous tufa, narrows rapidly as it rises above the surface, and terminates 3 ft. above the ground in a rounded top, in the centre of which is a circu- lar opening a foot in diameter 4 in. below the surface ; the depth of the spring from the top of the rock is 32 ft. In 1789 the rock was entire, the water occasionally overflowing and increasing its size by deposits. Two years afterward a large tree fell upon and cracked it, since which time the water has kept on a general level 5 or 6 in. below the top. The waters of these springs are regarded as valu- able aids in cutaneous and liver diseases, in some cases of confirmed dyspepsia, and in chronic affections of the bowels. They are generally tonic and greatly cathartic. At an early period the waters were evaporated in potash kettles, and the precipitated salts sold in small packages ; but it was soon found that these salts did not reproduce the original wa- SARAWAK 629 ters on being dissolved. Large quantities of the waters, especially of the Congress, Empire, and Hathorn springs, are bottled and exported. (For analyses, see MINEBAL SPRINGS, vol. xi., p. 593.) The village contains 7 large and 25 small hotels, 49 boarding houses, four banks, a large town hall, two assembly rooms, a female seminary, a water cure, five printing offices, a daily and three weekly newspapers, and eight churches. The number of visitors during the season, which lasts from June 15 to Sept. 15, ranges from 30,000 to 45,000. The medicinal properties of the High Rock spring, or the " Round Rock," as it was called by the early settlers, were known to the Iro- quois confederacy at the period of Jacques Carder's visit to the St. Lawrence in 1535. In 1767 Sir William Johnson was carried hith- er on a litter by the Mohawks, and it is be- lieved he was the first white man to visit the spring. The first log cabin was built in 1773 by Derick Scowton, and the first framed house in 1784 by Gen. Schuyler, who in the same year cut a road through the forest to the High Rock from Schuylerville. In 1693 a sangui- nary battle was fought near the site of the present village between the French under De Manteth and the English led by Major Peter Schuyler, in which the latter were victorious. The name Saratoga (Indian, Saraghoga) signi- fies the "place of the herrings," which for- merly passed up the Hudson into Saratoga lake. See R. L. Allen, "Analysis of the prin- cipal Mineral Fountains at Saratoga," &c. (New York, 1858), and W. L. Stone, "Reminiscences of Saratoga" (New York, 1875). SARATOV. I. A S. E. government of Euro- pean Russia, bordering on Penza, Simbirsk, Samara, Astrakhan, the country of the Don Cossacks, and Tambov; area, 32,622 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 1,751,268, of whom 120,000 were Germans. It is watered by affluents of the Don and of the Volga, which bounds it in the east. It formerly included a large territo- ry E. of the Volga, which is now comprised in the governments of Samara and Astrakhan. The country is generally level, but skirted by hills along the Volga. II. A city, capital of the government, on the right bank of the Vol- ga, 450 m. S. E. of Moscow ; pop. in 1867, 93,218. It contains 12 Greek and several oth- er churches, and a gymnasium. It is an im- portant centre of trade and industry, and the population has lately much increased. A Greek bishop resides here, as well as a Protestant consistory with an extensive jurisdiction. SARAWAK. I. An independent state in Bor- neo, under English control, extending about 300 m. along the N. W. coast from Cape Datu to Kidorong point, between lat. 30' and 3 20' N., and Ion. 109 40' and 111 40' E., and inland at the furthest point about 100 m. The interior boundary, bordered by the Krimbang mountains, forms a curve which terminates in the capes mentioned. The surface varies from the lofty mountains scattered throughout the