Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XIV.djvu/622

 598 SANDERLING SAN DIEGO Rev. John Glass, a native of Dundee (1695- 1773), and they were at first known as Glass- ites ; but subsequently they were called Sande- manians, from the Rev. Robert Sandeman, the son-in-law of Glass, who reduced his opinions to a system. Sandeman was born in Perth about 1720, and in 1764 settled in Danbury, Conn., where he died in 1771. Under his in- fluence churches were gathered in the principal cities of Scotland, in Newcastle, London, and other English cities, and in several towns of Connecticut and Massachusetts. But few of these remain ; the most important are at Dun- dee, Edinburgh, and Danbury. The number of persons at present belonging to the sect is probably less than 2,000. The peculiarities of the Sandemanians are their construction of the word "faith, " which they interpret as simple assent to the teaching and divinity of Christ ; rejection of all mystical or double sense from the Scriptures ; prohibition of all games of chance ; weekly love feasts, being the dinner of all the church together on every Sunday ; the kiss of brotherhood, which passes between all the members, male and female, at their solemn meetings; strict abstinence from all blood and "things strangled," according to the Jewish precept ; plurality of elders, two at least being required for all acts of discipline and all administration of ritual; prohibition of college training; and the absence of prayer at their funerals. Their religious services are confined mostly to the reading and explanation of Scriptures; and where there is no special church, the meetings are held in the houses of the brethren. The custom of washing feet is now discontinued. See the writings of John Glass (4 vols. 8vo, Edinburgh, 1762). 8ANDERL1NG, a wading bird of the genus oalidris (Cuv.), differing from the sandpipers Common Sanderling (Calidris arenaria). (tringa, Linn.) chiefly in the absence of the hind toe. The common sanderling is the C. arenaria (111.), inhabiting the temperate re- gions of America and Europe ; it is from 7f to 8 in. long, with an alar extent of 12^ in., the bill 1 in. and the tarsus the same, and the weight If oz. The plumage above is ashy gray with lighter edges, with spots of brown- ish black on the head and back, and with fine transverse lines on the rump and upper tail coverts ; under parts pure white ; shoulders brownish black without spots ; quills with white shafts ; the greater wing coverts widely tipped and the middle tail feathers edged with white ; bill and legs greenish black ; the bill is straight, a little widened at the end ; the tail is doubly emarginated, the middle feathers the longest ; both sexes are alike ; in the spring the plumage is more or less tinged and edged with yellowish red. It is abundant from the Atlantic to the Pacific, in winter going to the southern states and to South America. The European bird presents no certain distinguish- ing marks from the American. SAND GROUSE. See GROUSE. SANDHURST (formerly BKNDIGO), a city of Victoria, Australia, 82 m. N. N. W. of Mel- bourne ; pop. about 25,000. The town is well lighted and supplied with water, and the prin- cipal streets are paved. The main street, Pall Mall, has many fine shops, and numerous im- posing brick and stone buildings. The banks, the government and municipal offices, the hos- pital, benevolent asylum, mechanics' institute, and Lyceum theatre are among the principal buildings. Sandhurst is one of the chief rail- way stations of Victoria, and is the headquar- ters of a rich gold-mining region. SAN DIEGO, the S. county of California, bounded E. by Arizona, "from which it is sepa- rated by the Colorado river, S. by Lower Cali- fornia, and W. by the Pacific ocean ; area, about 13,500 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 4,951. Two branches of the Coast range cross it from N. to S., dividing it into three divisions differing much in climate, soil, and topography. The division along the coast is about 25 m. wide, and consists largely of level plains or gently sloping valleys, watered by the San Bernardo, San Diego, San Luis Rey, Margarita, Sweet- water, and other rivers ; the greater portion is suitable for agriculture and grazing. The cen- tral or mountain division is very irregular in outline, averaging nearly 40 m. in width. Both ranges are covered with forests of oak, cedar, pine, and fir, and contain gold, silver, copper, and other minerals. Valuable gold mines have been opened within the past four years. Be- tween them are a number of broad valleys or table lands, having a delightful climate and a fertile soil. They produce grapes, oranges, wheat, barley, &c. The E. division is occu- pied by the Colorado desert, which is for the most part treeless and barren, and part of it is below the level of the sea. It is very dry and hot, and contains many natural curiosi- ties, among which is a lake of boiling mud, about half a mile long by 500 yards wide. The chief productions in 1870 were 32,947 bushels of wheat, 9,330 of Indian corn, 18,745 of bar-