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 554 SAINT-SIMON SAINT STEPHEN the mainland, and is walled and strongly forti- fied. The harbor is email. The city contains several churches and convents, civil and mili- tary hospitals, and public squares. It was cap- tured by the French in 1719, 1794, and 1808, and by the English with great loss on Aug. 81, 1813, when most of it was burned. SAINT-SIMON, Claude Henri, count de, a French socialist, born in Paris, Oct. 17, 1760, died there, May 19, 1825. In 1777 he entered the army, and in 1779 went to America, where he dis- tinguished himself at the siege of Yorktown. On his home voyage he was captured by the English with too count de Grasse and detained at Jamaica till the peace of 1783. He then went to Mexico, vainly urging the construc- tion of a Pacific- Atlantic canal, and in 1785 to Spain, where he was not more successful in his scheme for converting Madrid into a sea- port. On the outbreak of the revolution he and M. de Redern bought real estate at very low rates. The latter, being the principal, gained by the speculation, while Saint-Simon, after his release from 11 months' imprison- ment during the reign of terror, was said to have made only 150,000 francs. In 1801 he married Mile, de Champgrand, from whom, in the vain hope of becoming the husband of the widowed Mme. de Stael, he was divorced in July, 1802. In 1807 he published his cele- brated Introduction aux trataux scientifiques du dix-neuvitme */.>/-. in which he expounded the basis of his theories for the reorganiza- tion of science and the reconstruction of so- ciety. Regarding the great Encyclopedic as merely a dictionary, he published in 1810 his Prospectus d'vne nouvelle Encyclopedic; but Napoleon, to whom he had appealed, took no notice of him, and he was reduced to the most abject poverty. His friend Diard, who had often aided him, died in 1810; subsequent- ly his relatives secured him a small pension. In conjunction with Augustin Thierry, his most devoted disciple, he published De la re- organisation de la societe europeenne (1814), and Opinions sur let mesures d prendre contre la coalition de 1815 (1815). In ^Industrie, i"i Discussions politique, morales et philoso- phiques (4 vols., 1817-'18), Thierry, Saint-Au- bin, and others assisted him. In 1819 he was indicted for asserting in a pamphlet (Pardbole) that the death of men of science, artists, and artisans was a greater national calamity than that of kings a.nd bishops and other people of mere rank and wealth. He was acquitted in March, 1820, and continued thereafter to de- vote all his means to defray the cost of pub- lishing his writings. At length in March, 1823, he was driven to despair by the exhaus- tion of his resources, and shot himself ; but the shot only destroyed one eye, and he survived to finish his Catechisme industriel (1824) and his Nouveau C hristianisme (1825), the crown- ing work of his life. For his socialistic doc- trines, which became known as St. Simonism, see SOCIALISM. See also Saint-Simon, a vie et ses travaux, by Hubbart (Paris, 1857). En- fantin published some of his posthumous wri- tings, which are also included in (Euvreschoisies de Saint-Simon (3 vols., Brussels, 1859; new ed., Paris, 1861). Of the complete edition proposed by Rodrigues, only two volumes appeared in 1832 ; but the members of the council appointed by Enfantin as the literary executors of Saint-Simon prepared a complete arid joint edition of both Saint-Simon and En- fantin's works (20 vols., 1865-'9). SAINT-SIMON, Louis de Rourroi, duke de, a French writer of memoirs, born Jan. 1C, 1675, died in Paris, March 2, 1755. Under the direc- tion of his mother, Charlotte do 1'Aubespine, he became proficient in Latin, German, and history. He served at the siege of Namur in 1691, and subsequently distinguished himself in various campaigns. In 1695 he married Gabrielle de Durfort, daughter of the marshal de Lorges. In 1702, failing to be promoted, he retired from the army. He was prominent at the French court, and was a strenuous op- ponent of the Jesuits. In 1704 he proposed to end the Spanish war of succession by giving the Spanish Low Countries to Austria and a portion of the Spanish possessions in Italy to a prince of the house of Savoy with the title of king; and his suggestion was to some ex- tent adopted as a basis for the treaty of peace of Utrecht. After the death of Louis XIV. (1715) he aided the duke of Orleans in ob- taining the regency, and was a member of the council. In 1721 he negotiated at Madrid the marriage between the infanta of Spain and Louis XV. On his return to Paris he found the cardinal Dubois, whom he had always opposed, more powerful than ever, and the legitimated bastards of Louis XIV. partly re- invested with royal dignities. Consequently he broke off his relations with the government until after the death of Dubois, shortly before that of the regent, upon which he retired to his estates. His Memoirs*, which subsequent- ly attained unusual celebrity on account of their boldness of expression and pungent sa- tire, were removed to the public archives, and only Voltaire, Marmontel, Mme. du Deffand, and a few others were permitted to read them. Garbled extracts and editions were published in 1788 and 1791 ; the first authentic and com- plete series appeared in 1829-'80, and a great- ly improved edition was published by Cheruel (20 vols., 1856-'9 : abridged English transla- tion by Bayle St. John, 4 vols., London, 1857; new ed., 8 vols., 1875). Among his posthu- mous papers were found hundreds of letters of 'the duke of Orleans, unpublished essays of Montaigne, and other valuable manuscripts, of which a full catalogue was obtained from the public archives by Armand Baschet, who pub- lished in 1874 Le due de Saint-Simon, son ca- linet et Thistoire de ses manuscrits. SAINT STEPHEN, a town and port of entry of Charlotte co., New Brunswick, on the St. Croix river, opposite Calais, Me., and at the