Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XIV.djvu/539

 SADOLETO SAFE 515 for many years was 500 Ibs. of gold and 700 Ibs. of silver. The chief harbor is Ebisuminato. SADOLETO, Jaeopo, an Italian ecclesiastic, born in Modena, July 14, 1477, died in Rome, Oct. 18, 1547. In 1502 he went to Rome, became attached to the household of Cardinal Oliverio Carafa, and was ordained a priest. In 1511 he entered the service of Cardinal Fregosio, was elected member of the Roman academy, and published several Latin poems. Leo X. on his accession in 1513 chose him as one of his secretaries, and he distinguished himself by avoiding all offers of wealth, associating with Gaetano of Tiene and Giovanni Pietro Carafa (afterward Pope Paul IV.) in public benevolence. In 1517 he was appointed bishop of Carpentras in France. In the controversies between Luther and the Roman theologians, Sadoleto was urged to act as mediator, but con- ciliated neither party. The correspondence that he then began with Erasmus is thought to have prevented the latter from openly join- ing the reformers. During the reign of Adrian VI. he was neglected and lived in obscurity. Clement VII. in 1523 appointed him his secre- tary. When Clement had declared for France against the emperor Charles V., Sadoleto with- drew to his diocese, ten days before the sack of Rome by the Spanish troops (1527). In 1536 he published in Venice a commentary on St. Paul, offering a middle ground between the extreme opinions on grace and free will. This was followed by Hortemius, sive de Lau- dibus Philosophies (Lyons, 1538; last ed., Paris, 1853, with a French translation). He was now made a cardinal, and bent all his energies to- ward effecting reforms and winning back those who had embraced the Lutheran doc- trines. In his own diocese he successfully re- sisted the spread of Calvinism, while he be- sought the clemency of Francis I. in favor of the Waldenses of M6rindol and Cabrieres, and protected them against the ruthless oppression of the Toulouse magistrates. In the same con- ciliatory spirit he wrote a famous letter to the magistrates and citizens of Geneva ; and his treatise De Extructione Ecclesias Catholicce is almost the only instance of a passionless dis- cussion in the religious literature of that age. He was sent by Paul III. in 1542 as legate to Francis I., to effect a reconciliation between him and the emperor. Failing in this, and grieved to see the pope sacrificing the highest interests of the church to the promotion of his own family, he retired to Carpentras and re- signed his bishopric. The pope compelled him to go to Rome in 1546, and he was chosen to preside in the council of Trent as papal legate, but resisted the appointment on the score of his extreme poverty. His collected works, ex- cept the letters, were published at Verona (4 vols. 4to, l737-'8) ; his letters, Eputolarum Libri XVIL, appeared at Lyons in 1550 (best ed., including the letters and Latin poems of Paolo Sadoleto, his nephew and successor as' bishop of Carpentras, 6 vols. 8vo, Rome, 1759 -'67). His life, by Fiordibello, was published with a new edition of his treatise on educa- tion, De Liberia reete Instituendis (Paris, 1855). See-also Joly, fitude sur.Sodolet (Caen, 1857). SADOWA, a small village in Bohemia, on the Bistritz river, 8 m. N. W. of Koniggratz, and 58 m. E. N. E. of Prague. It was the scene of the decisive battle, July 3, 1866, between the Prussians commanded by King William I. and the Austrians under the command of Be- nedek, often called the battle of Koniggratz. The Prussian armies had two days before ef- fected their junction. More than 400,000 men were engaged in this action, which lasted from 8 A. M. till 4 P. M., and resulted in the total rout of the Austrians, who lost 40,000 killed and wounded, 20,000 prisoners, and 174 guns. The Prussian loss was estimated at 10,000. The great difference in the losses of the two armies was mainly due to the greater rapidity of fire and longer range of the needle gun used by the Prussians. This battle decided the double Ger- man-Italian war of 1866. SAFE, a strong box or closet for the preser- vation of money, valuable papers, &c., usually made of iron, and as nearly proof against fire and burglars as possible. Until the present century the most usual safes were boxes of oak or other hard wood, strengthened by iron bands and provided with several locks. The first English patent for a fire-resisting safe was to 'Richard Scott in 1801. It consisted of an inner and an outer casing of metal, the space between being filled with charcoal or wood treated with an alkaline salt. The first American safes that attained any celebrity were those constructed under the patent of 0. J. Gayler, issued in 1833. They were double chests with spaces between them for air, or other good non-conductors of heat. The great fire in New York of 1835 gave rise to several new inventions for increasing the fire-proof quality of safes. That patented by Mr. B. G. Wilder of New York obtained the precedence, and the safes made on this plan are still in ex- tensive use in this country and in Europe. They consist of a double box of wrought-iron plates strengthened at the edges with bar iron, and in the larger sizes with a bar across the middle. The space between the outer and in- ner plates is filled with the patented compo- sition of plaster of Paris and mica. The use of asbestus with plaster of Paris has also been patented. The latter answers a very good purpose used alone, and other good incombus- tible non-conductors also employed for filling are clay, hydraulic cement, and a mixture of alum, fire clay, and carbonate of lime or chalk. An excellent filling is a mixture of alum and plaster of Paris. Within a few years great in- genuity has been employed in the construction of safes and locks, and it has become an im- portant industry in the United States. Safes are now made to defy opening by any manipu- lation (see LOOK), and there are devices which make it difficult or impossible for a burglar