Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XIV.djvu/537

 SACRED HEART SACS 513 going from house to house, some of the streets having 5 ft. of water in them, and not more than a dozen houses being on land above the water level. To prevent similar disasters the streets were filled in 5 ft. deep with earth, and the city surrounded by a levee, which last alone saved the place from overflow during the flood in the spring of 1861. The business por- tion of the city is now about 8 ft. above the original level. On Nov. 3, 1852, a conflagra- tion destroyed 600 houses and other property, in all estimated to be worth $5,000,000 ; and in July, 1854, another large fire occurred, the loss by which was estimated at $650,000. The capital was established at Sacramento by an act of the legislature on Feb. 25, 1854 ; and in 1861 the work was commenced on the capi- tol, the officers having previously occupied the present county buildings. Sacramento was in- corporated as a city in 1863. SACKED HEART, Ladies of tbe, a religious con- gregation in the Roman Catholic church, de- voted to education, founded in Paris, Nov. 21, 1800. Two fruitless attempts to establish a society of women devoted to the education of young ladies of the higher classes had been made by Pere de Tournely, when in 1800 his successor, Joseph Desire Varin, superior of the Fathers of the Faith, found in Madeleine So- phie Louise Barat and Octavie Bailly persons fitted for his design; and on Nov. 21 they consecrated themselves to the Heart of Jesus, and opened a school in Paris. In 1801 they went to reside in Amiens, where their com- munity as well as their pupils increased rapid- ly in number. In 1802 Mme. Barat, then in her 21st year, was chosen superior, and a tem- porary rule was drawn up by Pere Varin. Branch establishments were founded, and in 1806 a first chapter of the order was held, at which Mme. Barat was chosen superior gen- eral, which post she retained till her death in 1865. The ladies of the Sacred Heart were placed under the control of a secular priest, who, by an attempt to change their rules, created a division among them. This checked their growth for a brief space ; but the inno- vations being discountenanced in Rome, Pere Varin completed his draught of the proposed constitutions in 1825, and they were approved by Leo XII., Dec. 22, 1826. The pope at once invited the ladies to open a house in Rome, assigning them the convent and church of Trinita de' Monti. They spread thence to the chief cities of Italy, and soon owned flourish- ing schools in Austria, Bavaria, Prussia, Bel- gium, England, and Ireland. They had come to the United States in 1817, with Bishop Du- bourg of New Orleans, and founded a house near St. Louis, Mo. ; but their increase in this country is chiefly due to the late Archbishop Hughes, to Mme. Elizabeth Gallitzin, and espe- cially to Mme. Aloysia Hardey, who founded most of the American houses. They opened successfully a school at the corner of Houston and Mulberry streets, New York, then at As- toria, and finally at Manhattanville. In 1842 Mme. Hardey founded establishments in the Pottawattamie missions, and at McSherrys- town, Md. Thenceforward the order spread to the principal states of the Union, and to the Ca- nadian provinces, Cuba, and Chili. The rules and constitutions are closely modelled on those of the society of Jesus, in all that regards the conditions for membership, the careful and long training for the final profession, the degrees which obtain among the members, the election of the superior general and the appointment by her of all inferior officers, the distribution of the entire body into assistancies and prov- inces, the rigorous obedience and poverty practised by the sisterhood, and the effective methods used to maintain the religious spirit among them. But, beyond the mere fact of the instrumentality of Pere Varin in founding this society, there is no dependence on the Jesuits and no connection between the two so- cieties. The members employed in the high- er functions of teaching and governing are designated as " choir religious," the others as lay sisters. In 18Y5 the order had in France 8 provinces and 42 establishments, including one in Algiers ; the province of Belgium and Hol- land, with 4 establishments ; that of England and Ireland, with 5 ; that of Italy, with 5 ; that of Spain, with 3 ; and that of Austria, with 5. In America, they had in the United States 3 provinces with 21 houses, the prov- ince of Canada with 5, and the province of Chili with 5, besides an establishment at Ha- vana. The number of choir religious was 2,325, and that of lay sisters 1,94V; total, 4,272. The central house of the whole order and the residence of the superior general is in the boulevard des Invalides, Paris. SACS, or Sanks, an Algonquin tribe of In- dians, formerly on the Detroit river and Sagi- naw bay, but driven beyond Lake Michigan by the Iroquois. They settled near Green bay, where they subsequently welcomed the Outa- gamies or Foxes, with whom they have ever since been closely associated. They were ro- ving and restless, were constantly at war with the Sioux and the Iroquois, and aided the French against the latter. A part of the tribe at first joined the Foxes in their hostility against the French at Detroit, but soon aban- doned their cause. They took part with Pon- tiac, and during the revolution were under English influence. In the second war with England the Rock river Sacs joined the Eng- lish side. Treaties were made specially with the tribe in 1804 and 1815-'16, ceding lands. Their later history is that of the Foxes. (See FOXES.) The Sacs were divided into a great number of clans, the Great and Little Bear, Great and Little Fox, Wolf, Owl, Eagle, Tor- toise, and four others. The children of each family as they are born are marked white or black alternately, and each color forms a dis- tinct band in the nation, the white or Kis- coquah and the black or Oshkosh. "When