Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XIV.djvu/50

 PROVIDENCE A-wise son A-foolish sun gladdens (la) the-grief (his) father. of-hiu-inother. The grouping together of the proverbs in this part appears to have been accidental, except that occasionally two or three verses follow each other which have a characteristic expression in common. With xxii. 17 a kind of appendix be- gins. The proverbs of this section generally consist of two verses, and sometimes of three ; they are constructed with less regularity, some- times containing more than two members, and often without any parallelism. Sometimes proverbs of kindred contents are grouped to- gether. A second appendix to the first collec- tion begins at xxiv. 23, and is separated from the preceding by the heading, " These also are from wise men " (in the common English ver- sion, " These things also belong to the wise ") The second main collection begins with chap- ter xxv., which is headed, "These are also proverbs of Solomon, which the men of Heze- kiah, king of Judah, copied out." The prov- erbs, as in the first collection, consist generally of one verse each, and each verse of two or more members with parallel relation ; yet ex- ceptions to this rule occur more frequently than in the first collection. The proverbs of the second collection are not BO plain and intelligi- ble as those of the first, but more artificial and frequently even enigmatical. This collection extends over five chapters, and is again followed in the last two chapters of the book by three different appendices. It is impossible to decide whether the compilation and arrangement of the entire book were made at one time by one man, or whether the addition of the several parts took place at different periods. The ad- vocates of the former opinion adduce in their favor, that the arrangement of the whole seems to rest on a well conceived and thoroughly ex- ecuted plan. In either case it is considered probable that the book received its present form between the time of the death of King Hezekiah and the end of the 7th century B. C. There are commentaries on this book by Sala- zar (1641), Schultens (1748), Hodgson (1788), Lawson (1821), Umbreit (1826), Ewald (in vol. iv. of his Die poetitehen flucfier de Alien Svn- des) ; Bertheau, Exegeti*che Handbueh (1847) ; Hitzig, Die Spruehe Salomo't (1858); Ward- law (2 vols., 1860-'61); Kamphausen, in Bun- sen's Bibelwerk (1865); Zockler, in Lange's Bibelicerk (1867; translated for the American edition by Dr. Aiken, 1870) ; Delitzgch (1878), and others. German translations are added to the commentaries of Umbreit, Ewald, Hitzig, Kamphausen, Zockler, and Delitzsch. There is an English translation, with Ecclesiastes and Canticles, by Noyes (Boston, 1846; 3d ed., 1867) ; and a revised version, with critical and explanatory notes, by Conant (New York, 1872). PROVIDENCE, the N. county of Rhode Island, bordered N. and E. by Massachusetts and W. by Connecticut, and drained by the Blackstone river, which runs partly along the E. border, and the Pawtuxet, which forms a portion of the S. boundary ; area, 380 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 149,190. It has an uneven surface and generally fertile soil. It is intersected by sev- eral railroads centring at Providence. The chief productions in 1870 were 9,887 bushels of rye, 85,114 of Indian corn, 15,386 of oats, 9,900 of barley, 829,515 of potatoes, 38,606 tons of hay, 8,330 Ibs. of wool, 296,128 of butter, and 80,235 of cheese. There were 8,828 horses, 8,056 milch cows, 1,869 working oxen, 8,655 other cattle, 1,667 sheep, and 6,612 swine. There are numerous manufactories, chiefly at Providence, the county seat. PROVIDENCE, a city, the principal port of entry, and one of the capitals of Rhode Isl- and, and the shire town of Providence co., at the head of navigation on an arm of Nar- ragansett bay known as Providence river, 85 m. from the ocean, 43 m. S. S. W. of Boston, and 160 m. N. E. of New York; lat. 41 49' 22" N., Ion. 71 24' 48" W. ; pop. in 1708, 1,446; in 1730, 8,916; in 1774, 4,821; in 1790, 6,880; in 1800, 7,614; in 1820, 11,745; in 1830, 16,836; in 1840, 23,172; in 1850, 41,- 518; in 1860, 50,666; in 1870, 68,904, of whom 17,177 were foreign born; in 1874, 99,608; in 1875, 100,675. Of the population in 1874, 3,557 were colored, 48,074 males, and 51,584 females; 48,351 were of American and 51,257 of foreign parentage, including 86,990 of Irish, 9,582 of English, Scotch, or Welsh, and 2,212 of German descent. There were 16,088 children between 5 and 15 years of age; 20,- 934 families, with an average of 4'76 persons to each ; and 12,188 dwelling houses, with an average of 8 - 17 to each. The number of fam- ilies in 1875 was 21,578; of dwellings, 18,388. In population and wealth Providence is the second city in New England. It formerly covered 5-31 sq. m., but in 1867 3'61 sq. m. were annexed from Cranston, forming the 9th ward, and in 1874 5'84 sq. m. from North Providence, forming the 10th ward; the pres- ent area is therefore 14'76 sq. m. The city is bounded E. by the Seekonk river, here crossed by two bridges, and lies on both sides of Provi- dence river, which is crossed by a draw bridge and four fixed span bridges. Above this, and within the centre of the city, the river ex- pands into a beautiful cove nearly a mile in circuit, along which is a wall surmounted by an iron railing. A park planted with elms, with gravelled walks, surrounds the cove. Two small streams enter on the north, the Moos- hassnck and the Woonasquatucket rivers, upon which are many machine shops and manufac- tories. The land on which the city stands is very irregular. On the E. side a hill rises to the height of 204 ft. above tide water. On the west it is level, with little elevation for a quarter of a mile, when the land rises to the height of 75 ft. The hillsides, even to their summit, are covered with dwelling houses, in- terspersed with gardens and ornamented with trees. The larger portion of the dwelling houses in the city are of wood ; the remainder