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 BOTH et Koutousof, ou la Rwsie en 1812, by Schnitz- ler (Paris, 1863). ROTH, Rudolf, a German orientalist, born in Stuttgart, April 3, 1821. He studied in Tubin- gen, Berlin, Paris, and London, and became in 1856 professor of oriental languages at Tu- bingen. He has published Zur Literatur und Geschichte des Veda (1846) ; an edition of Yaska's Nirukta (1852); the Atharva Veda, in conjunction w;th Prof. W. D. Whitney (1856-'7) ; Ueber den Mythus von den funf Menschengeschlechtern (1860); and Ueber die Vorstellung vom Schicksal in der indischen SpracJiweisheit (1866). His principal work is a large Sanskrit dictionary, prepared in con- junction with Bohtlingk, and published by the St. Petersburg academy of sciences (1853-'75). ROTHE, Richard, a German theologian, born in Posen, Jan. 28, 1799, died in Heidelberg, Aug. 20, 1867. He studied theology in Heidel- berg, Berlin, and Wittenberg, was chaplain of the Prussian embassy in Rome for five years, became a professor -in the Wittenberg theo- logical seminary and its director, conducted a theological seminary at Heidelberg for twelve years, and was a professor of theology in Bonn and Heidelberg. His religious views are tinged with the philosophy of Schleier- macher and Hegel. He published Die An- fange der christlichen Kirche und ihre Ver- fassung (1837); Zur Dogmatik (1863); and Theologische Ethik (3 vols., 1845-'8). A re- vised edition of the Ethik by Holtzman (5 vols., 1867-'71) contains the author's posthu- mous notes. His university lectures on dog- matics (Dogmatik, 1870), a collection of essays (Stille Stunden, 1872), and his lectures on church history, edited by Weingarten (1875), have appeared since his death. The best ac- count of his life is Nippold's Richard Rothe, ein christliches Leben auf Grund der Briefe Rothe 1 s (Wittenberg, 1873). ROTHERMEL, Peter F., an American painter, born in Luzerne co., Pa., July 8, 1817. He was educated as a land surveyor, studied paint- ing, and about 1840 commenced practice as a portrait painter. In 1856-'7 he visited France, Germany, and Italy, and painted his " St. Agnes," now in St. Petersburg, and "The Foscari." Some of his best known paintings are " De Soto discovering the Mississippi," " Columbus before Isabella the Catholic," the "Noche Triste," from Prescott's "Conquest of Mexico," " Patrick Henry before the Vir- ginia House of Burgesses," " Christian Mar- tyrs in the Colosseum," and "The Battle of Gettysburg," in the state capital at Harrisburg. ROTHESAY, a town of Scotland, capital of Buteshire, at the head of Eothesay bay on the E. side of the island of Bute, 30 m. W. of Glasgow ; pop. in 1871, 7,800. It has a good harbor. The houses are built of greenstone, and in the suburbs are numerous villas and gardens. There are ship-building yards, tan- neries, a distillery, and a cotton mill, and many of the inhabitants are employed in fishing and 713 VOL. xiv. 29 ROTTECK 447 coasting. It has lately become a watering place and a resort for consumptive patients. The ancient castle of Rothesay, now in ruins (having been burnt by the duke of Argyle in 1685), was given by Robert III., who died in it, to his son David, with the title of duke of Rothesay, which the prince of Wales still holds. ROTHSCHILD, Mayer Anselm, a German banker, born in Frankfort in 1743, died there in Sep- tember, 1812. He belonged to a poor Jewish family, and was a clerk in Hanover before es- tablishing himself at Frankfort, where his in- tegrity and ability brought him into relations with German governments, and particularly with that of Hesse-Cassel. The elector Wil- liam, on his flight in 1806 after the invasion of his states by the French, deposited about $5,000,000 for safe keeping with Rothschild for eight years without interest, and subse- quently received from his heirs an annual in- terest of 2 per cent., the capital being repaid to the elector's son and successor in 1823. The judicious investment of this capital was the source of the colossal fortune of the Roth- schilds. Mayer Anselm's five sons, Anselm, Solomon, Nathan, Charles, and James, re- spectively became chiefs of houses at Frank- fort, Vienna, London, Naples, and Paris, and all were made barons by the emperor Francis ; and they acquired world-wide celebrity by making loans to governments and by other financial and mercantile operations. The firm is continued by members of the family at all these places excepting Naples, the London and Paris houses being the most important ; and special agents of the firm are established in all parts of the world. The eldest son of the London Rothschild, Lionel Nathan, the present head of the firm (1875), was elected to parlia- ment from the city of London in 1847. He declined to take the customary oath " on the true faith of a Christian," and did not take his seat, although regularly reflected, until the removal of the disabilities of the Jews in 1858. He was the first Jew that ever sat in the house of commons. ROTIFEKA. See ANIMALCULES, vol. i., p. 517. ROTTECK, Karl von, a German historian, born in Freiburg, Baden, July 18, 1775, died there, Nov. 26, 1840. He was professor of history at Freiburg from 1798 to 1818, and subse- quently of political science, and long repre- sented the university in the first constitutional assembly of Baden, where he advocated the liberty of the press. This displeased the au- thorities, who stopped the journal Der Freisin- nige, of which he was an editor, and in 1832 removed him from his professorship. He was repeatedly elected burgomaster, but did not serve. His monument at Freiburg, erected in 1848, was removed in 1849 and reerected in 1862. His principal work is Allgemeine Ge- schichte (9 vols., Freiburg, 1813-'27), continued by Steger and Hermes to 11 vols. (25th ed., Brunswick, 1866 et scq.}. Several translations of this work and of an abridgment (4 vols.,