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 354 ROANE substitute may be furnished or commutation be made in money. Females are subject to a property but not to a labor assessment. In large cities special regulations generally pre- vail. Among the most important works rela- ting to roads are Macadam's " System of Road- making" (London, 1825); Parnell's "Treatise on Roads" (1838); Telford's reports to par- liament on the Holyhead road ; Penfold " On Making and Repairing Roads " (1835) ; Ponce- let, Mecanique industrielle (Paris, 1841); Mo- rin, Aide-memoire de mecanique (1843); Gayf- fier, Manuel des ponts et chaussees (1844) ; and Gillespie, "Roads and Railroads: a Manual for Roadmaking" (10th ed., New York, 1871). ROANE. I. A W. county of West Virginia, intersected by branches of the Kanawha and De Kalb rivers ; area, about 450 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 7,232, of whom 23 were colored. The surface is generally hilly, and in the N. part mountainous, and the soil fertile. Iron ore and coal are found. The chief productions in 1870 were 24,087 bushels of wheat, 160,912 of Indian corn, 28,489 of oats, 4,732 tons of hay, 9,907 Ibs. of tobacco, 26,828 of wool, 116,094 of butter, 6,922 of flax, and 28,836 gallons of sorghum molasses. There were 1,540 horses, 1,858 milch cows, 8,477 other cattle, 12,973 sheep, and 7,112 swine. Capital, Spencer. II. An E. county of Tennessee, intersected by the Tennessee river and drained by its branches, the Clinch and Holston ; area, about 600 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 15,622, of whom 2,128 were colored. Along the W. border is a range of the Cumberland mountains. The soil is gener- ally fertile. The East Tennessee, Virginia, and Georgia railroad passes through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 74,814 busjhels of wheat, 504,590 of Indian corn, 112,029 of oats, 1,671 tons of hay, 14,027 Ibs. of wool, 163,394 of butter, and 13,080 gallons of sorghum mo- lasses. There were 8,390 horses, 8,064 milch cows, 5,623 other cattle, 10,552 sheep, and 17,- 661 swine ; 1 manufactory of cotton goods, 1 of pig iron, 9 of tanned and 8 of curried leather, 4 wool-carding and cloth-dressing establish- ments, and 5 saw mills. Capital, Kingston. KOINK, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Loire, on the left bank of the Loire, 40 m. N. W. of Lyons ; pop. in 1872, 20,037. It is well built, and has fine promenades, a wide quay, and a stone bridge 620 ft. long, with seven arches. The town has a college with a library of about 10,000 volumes, a church of the 15th century, a city hall, dye- ing establishments, tanneries, flax and cotton mills, and hat shops. It is celebrated for its mineral waters. A canal connects it with Di- goin. It is the great entrepot for the pro- duct of the Loire coal fields. It contains nu- merous Gallo-Roman antiquities. ROANOKE, a S. county of Virginia, inter- sected by Staunton river, bordered S. E. by the Blue Ridge and N. W. by a ridge of the Alleghanies; area, about 200 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 9,350, of whom 3,132 were colored. It ROBBERY occupies part of the great Virginia valley, and has a very fertile soil. It is traversed by the Virginia and Tennessee division of the Atlan- tic, Mississippi, and Ohio railroad. The chief productions in 1870 were 203,226 bushels of wheat, 86,943 of Indian corn, 89,558 of oats, 3,481 tons of hay, 280,550 Ibs. of tobacco, 4,365 of wool, 120,980 of butter, and 4,600 gallons of sorghum molasses. There were 1,846 horses, 5,075 cattle, 2,208 sheep, and 7,344 swine. Capital, Salem. ROA1VOKE RIVER. See NORTH CAROLINA, vol. xii., p. 489. ROBBERY, in law, a felonious taking of mon- ey or goods, of any value, from the person of another or in his presence, against his will, by violence or putting him in fear. The charac- teristic feature of this offence, and that which makes the distinctive difference between it and simple larceny from the person (or between a robber and a cutpurse or common thief), is the violence and fear attending its perpetration; and therefore it makes no material difference whether the thing taken be of great or small value, though it must be of some real value, for otherwise it is no larceny and consequently no robbery ; and there must also be an actual ta- king of something, for the violence and putting in fear alone would amount only to an assault. It is not necessary that the money or property should be taken directly from the person or manual possession of the owner in order to con- stitute this offence. If it be taken in the ac- tual presence of the owner, and violence be offered to his person, or he be put in fear for the purpose of accomplishing such a taking, this amounts to the same thing; as if, for in- stance, a robber should assault a man and com- mand him to deliver up his purse, but instead of doing so the owner should throw it away from him, and the robber should then pick it up and carry it off in his presence, this would be as much a robbery as if he had taken it from the owner's person. The robber must have ob- tained actual possession of the property, but it is not material that such possession should con- tinue ; and though for any reason the robber should return the money stolen the next mo- ment after receiving it, either absolutely or con- ditionally, yet this will not alter the crime, or render its consummation less complete. A sud- den snatching of a thing from the hand or per- son of another is not such a taking by force and through fear as will constitute robbery, unless it occasions either an injury to the party from whom it is snatched, or a struggle for the possession of the property taken ; for here there is no putting in fear; and though a certain de- gree of force may be used, the theft is accom- plished rather without than against the consent of the owner, and more by the dexterity of the thief and the sudden surprise of the party than by open force and terror. But where an ear ring was so suddenly pulled from a lady's ear that she had neither time nor opportunity for resistance, it being done with such violence