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 KIVOLI EOACH 351 New York Gazette and Universal Advertiser." His business however having rapidly declined, his paper was soon stopped (1783), and he passed the remainder of his life in poverty. RIVOLI, a village of Venetia, Italy, in the province and 12 m. N". W. of the city of Verona, on the W. bank of the Adige ; pop. about 1,000. It is memorable for the victory gained here by Bonaparte, Jan. 14, 15, 1797, over the Aus- trian general Alvinczy, who was marching to the relief of Mantua. This action, in which Joubert and Mass6na bore an important part, decided the campaign. The Austrians lost 20,000 prisoners, Mantua surrendered, and the French were enabled to dictate terms at Cam- po Formio. For his services in this battle Massena was in 1807 made duke of Rivoli. RIYAD, or Riad, a city of Arabia, capital of the sultanate of Nedjed, in the province of Aared, lat. 24 88' 34" N., Ion. 46 41' 48" E. ; pop. es- timated by Palgrave in 1862 at 40,000. It is a nearly square walled town, lying in an open valley, and surrounded by green fields, palm groves, and well watered gardens. It is divi- ded into four quarters, but there is no sepa- ration otherwise than by broad streets. The N. E. quarter contains the palaces of the royal family and the houses of state officers and of the richer class ; the N. W., an irregular mass of houses, is inhabited chiefly by those who are not strict Wahabees ; the S. W., which is spacious and clean, is the chosen abode of the Wahabee orthodoxy; and the S. E., called Khazik (crowded), the worst built part of the town, is the home of the lower classes. The central point where these divisions meet is the market place, with the royal palace on one side and the great mosque on the other, the two being connected by a covered way. The remainder of the square is surrounded by the shops of tradesmen and artisans. Besides the great mosque, a large flat-roofed building ca- pable of holding 2,000 persons, there are 30 or more smaller mosques in the several quar- ters. The palace is a mass of buildings, gener- ally three stories in height, occupying a par- allelogram surrounded by high walls, defend- ed by bastions and towers, and having a dry moat around two thirds of its circuit. The walls of the city, which vary from 20 to 30 ft. in height, are massive and strong, and are defended by a deep trench and embankment. Biyad is the great centre of Wahabitism, and all its residents are obliged to conform to the strict rules of the faith. Every morning and evening the names of those whom vicinity obliges to attend prayers are read over in the several mosques, so as to insure presence and detect absentees. The pilgrim route from Per- sia to Mecca and Medina passes through Riyad. It has been the capital of Nedjed since 1818, when Derayeh, the ancient capital, was de- stroyed by Ibrahim Pasha. R1ZZIO, Ritzio, Riecio, or Ried, David, a favor- ite of Mary, queen of Scots, born in Piedmont about 1533, assassinated in Edinburgh, March 707 VOL. xiv. 23 9, 1566. He was the son of a poor musician of Turin, went to the court of the duke of Sa- voy, and thence to Scotland in the suite of an ambassador, who selected him because he was a good linguist. He was made by Mary one of her pages, and after the removal of Raulet he became, in December, 1564, her secretary for the French language. All her foreign cor- respondence passed through his hands, and upon her marriage with Darnley he was ap- pointed keeper of the privy purse. Darnley attributed Mary's unwillingness to give him the power as well as name of king to the influence of Rizzio, with whom she was also suspected of an illicit intimacy. The favor- ite's rapid promotion, his arrogance, avarice, and low birth, had aroused the envy and anger of the nobles. By the Protestants he was viewed with disfavor on account of his reli- gion. An agreement, partly written and part- ly verbal, was entered into by Darnley, Mor- ton, Maitland, Ruthven, Lindsay, and others, for putting Rizzio to death. Just before the execution of the design, Darnley was required to sign another bond in which he gave his as- sent to whatever they should do. In the eve- ning, while the queen was at supper in com- pany with the countess of Argyll, a few cour- tiers, her French physician, and Rizzio, the apartment was filled by the armed conspira- tors. Darnley held the queen, who was in an advanced state of pregnancy ; Rizzio cowered behind her and held on to her dress. One or two of the assassins stabbed him in the body, and then dragging him into the antechamber despatched him with more than 50 wounds. ROACH, a fish of the carp family (eyprinidce) and genus leuciscus (Klein). The generic char- acters have been given under DACE. The com- mon roach of Europe (L. rutilus, Klein) at- tains a length of 10 to 15 in.; the upper part of the head and back is dusky green with blue reflections, lighter on the sides, and silvery white below and on the cheeks ; the pectorals orange red, ventrals and anal bright red, and the dorsal and caudal pale brown tinged with red. The muzzle is rather sharp, and the European Roach (Leuciscus rutilus). mouth small with soft lips ; there are hooked teeth in the pharynx, and the abdomen behind the ventrals is somewhat keeled ; there ia a single dorsal in the middle of the back, over the ventrals, which, with the anal, has no bony ray ; the nape and back rise suddenly ; the