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 RICHMOND RICKAREES 323 Edward I. and II. Edward III. died here in 1377. Chaucer was surveyor of the works of the palace in 1389. Anne, queen of Rich- ard II., died here in 1394. In 1414 Henry V. founded a Carthusian priory, which was appro- priated by Henry VIII. in 1540, restored by Mary in 1557, and suppressed by Elizabeth in 1559. The palace was burned down in 1498, but was rebuilt immediately after by Henry VII., who changed the name of Sheen to Rich- mond, from his title of earl of Richmond in Yorkshire before his coronation, and he died here in 1509. Mary temporarily imprisoned here Elizabeth, who afterward made it her fa- vorite residence, and died here in 1603. Rich- mond park, originally New park, comprising 2,253 acres, surrounded by a brick wall 8 m. in circumference, was enclosed by Charles I. about 1636, and was thrown open to the public in 1752. The palace was partially destroyed un- der the commonwealth, and was pulled down in the next century. George III. joined the old palace park to Kew gardens. Sir W. Cham- bers built the Richmond observatory in 1769. RICHMOND, Countess of. See BEAUFORT, MAR- GARET. RICHMOND, Legh, an English clergyman, born in Liverpool, Jan. 29, 1772, died at Turvey, Bedfordshire, May 8, 1827. He graduated at Trinity college, Cambridge, in 1794, was or- dained in 1797, became a curate in the Isle of "Wight, and in 1805 chaplain of the Lock hos- pital, London, and in the same year was pre- sented to the rectory of Turvey. He wrote " Annals of the Poor," including the celebrated story of the "Dairyman's Daughter," of which separately more than 4,000,000 copies in 19 different languages have been circulated. He also published "The Fathers of the English Church, or a Selection from the Writings of the Reformers and Early Protestant Divines of the Church of England " (8 vols. 8vo, 1807- '11), and " Domestic Portraitures," consisting of memoirs of his three children. RICHTER, Johann Paul Friedrich, popularly "known as JEAN PAUL, a German author, born at Wunsiedel, near Baireuth, March 21, 1763, died in Baireuth, Nov. 14, 1825. He studied in the gymnasium at Hof and in the university of Leipsic, and published his first work in l783-'4. Poverty drove him from Leipsic, and during ten years he taught in private families. Subsequently he resided at Hof un- til his mother's death in 1797, when he re- turned to Leipsic, and in 1798 joined Herder at Weimar. In 1801 he married Karoline Mayer in Berlin, and removed to Meiningen, and next to Coburg, and in 1804 to Baireuth, where he spent the rest of his life in the en- joyment of a pension of 1,000 florins. The death in 1820 of his only son gave a blow to his health from which he never recovered. His writings abound in a bewildering variety of playful, witty, pathetic, childlike, and sublime thoughts, and are pervaded by a high moral tone ; but his style is so incongruous and intri- cate that Reinhold published in 1810 a special work to unravel his meaning. His principal works are: Die unsichtbare Loge, a novel (2 vols., Berlin, 1793); Hesperus (4 vols., 1794; translated into English by Charles T. Brooks, Boston, 1865) ; Blumen-, Frucht- und Dornen- stucke (4 vols., 1796-'7 ; translated into English by E. H. Noel, with a memoir of the author by Carlyle, 2 vols., Boston, 1863) ; Das Kampaner- thal (Erfurt, 1797; English translation, "The Campaner Thai and other Writings," Boston, 1863); Titan (Berlin, 1800-1803; translated by C. T. Brooks, 2 vols. 12mo, Boston, 1862); Flegeljahre (4 vols., Tubingen, 1804-'5); Vor- scJiule der Aesthetik (3 vols., Hamburg, 1804); and Levana, oder Erziehungslehre (Brunswick, 1807; 4th ed., enlarged from his posthumous papers, Stuttgart, 1861 ; English translation, Boston, 1863). The last two express his views on philosophy, in which he sympathized with Herder and Jacobi, and opposed Fichte. His complete works comprise 65 vols. (Berlin, 1826-'38). E. Forster and Christian Otto pub- lished Wahrheit aus Jean Paul's Leben, partly founded upon his autobiography (8 vols., Bres- lau, 1826-'33), and Forster was the sole author of DenkwurdigJceiten aus Jean PauVs Leben (7 vols., Munich, 1863). Among the published correspondence of Jean Paul are his Brief e an eine Jugendfreundinn (Brandenburg, 1858). Carlyle was the first in 1827 to familiarize the English with Jean Paul's genius. In the United States appeared a biographical sketch after the German, and extracts from Flegel- jahre, translated by Eliza Buckminster Lee (Boston, 1842; new ed., 1864). RICLMS. See CASTOR OIL. RICKAREES, or Riearees, called also Aricaras, Rees, and Black Pawnees, a tribe of Indians of the Pawnee family, living on the Upper Mis- souri. They are said to call themselves Star- rahh6 and also Pauani. They are an offshoot of the Pawnees of Platte valley, Nebraska, from whom they separated about a century ago. They were originally ten large tribes, but were reduced by smallpox in 1791 and by the hos- tility and oppression of the Tetons and other Sioux. They were warlike, the men generally going naked, their heads adorned with feath- ers. They came into collision with the whites before 1810. Twelve years after they were near Cannon Ball river, in two palisaded vil- lages of 141 lodges. On June 2, 1823, they attacked Gen. Ashley's party of traders, kill- ing and wounding 23. Col. Leavenworth was sent against them, and defeated them in a severe battle, Aug. 9. They made peace, but fled during the night of the 13th, and their towns were fired by the traders. The Ricka- rees went to the Platte, and as the Sioux seized their country became wanderers. By 1825 they were again on the Missouri, where a treaty was made with them, July 11. As they still remained hostile, all trade with them was closed in 1831, when they again became wan- derers. Some years later they returned from